Citramalic Acid

	Citramalic Acid Citramalic acid is the organic compound with the formula HO2CCH2C(CH3)(OH)CO2H. A chiral compound, it is related structurally to malic acid. Synthesis and reactions Citramalic acid is the hydrated derivative of mesaconic acid, The hydration is catalyzed by mesaconyl-C4-CoA hydratase: :HO2CCH=C(CH3)CO2H + H2O → HO2CCH2C(CH3)(OH)CO2H The same conversion can be achieved in vitro. The enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. A ... (S)-citramalyl-CoA lyase converts citramalyl-CoA to acetyl-CoA and pyruvate.{{cite journal , doi=10.1128/AEM.02473-10, title=Ecological Aspects of the Distribution of Different Autotrophic CO2 Fixation Pathways, year=2011, last1=Berg, first1=Ivan A., journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology, volume=77, issue=6, pages=1925–1936, pmi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Organic Compound In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other carbon atoms), millions of organic compounds are known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic compounds comprise the discipline known as organic chemistry. For historical reasons, a few classes of carbon-containing compounds (e.g., carbonate salts and cyanide salts), along with a few other exceptions (e.g., carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide), are not classified as organic compounds and are considered inorganic. Other than those just named, little consensus exists among chemists on precisely which carbon-containing compounds are excluded, making any rigorous definition of an organic compound elusive. Although organic compounds make up only a small percentage of Earth's crust, they are of central importance because all known life is based on organic compounds. Living t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Malic Acid Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a dicarboxylic acid that is made by all living organisms, contributes to the sour taste of fruits, and is used as a food additive. Malic acid has two stereoisomeric forms (L- and D-enantiomers), though only the L-isomer exists naturally. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. The malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Etymology The word 'malic' is derived from Latin ' mālum', meaning 'apple'. The related Latin word , meaning 'apple tree', is used as the name of the genus ''Malus'', which includes all apples and crabapples; and the origin of other taxonomic classifications such as Maloideae, Malinae, and Maleae. Biochemistry L-Malic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of L- and D-malic acid is produced synthetically. File:L-Äpfelsäure.svg, L-Malic acid File:D-Äpfelsäure.svg, D-Malic acid Malate plays an important role in biochemistry. In the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mesaconic Acid Mesaconic acid is one of several isomeric carboxylic acids obtained from citric acid. It is a colorless solid. Synthesis and reactions It is prepared from citric acid, which is first converted to itaconic anhydride by dehydration and decarboxylation. Itaconic acid anhydride is isomerized to citraconic anhydride, which is hydrolyzed and the resulting acid further isomerized under acid-catalysis to give mesaconic acid. Hydration of mesaconic acid, a conversion catalyzed by mesaconyl-C4-CoA hydratase, gives citramalic acid. History This acid was studied for the first time by Jacobus H. van 't Hoff in 1874. It was later shown to be produced by ''Clostridium tetanomorphum''. Further studies showed that this organic compound is involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin B12. It is a competitive inhibitor of fumarate reduction. The compound has been considered as a renewable precursor to the commodity chemical methacrylic acid Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compoun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Enzyme Enzymes () are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called ''enzymology'' and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]