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Cinclus
Dippers are members of the genus ''Cinclus'' in the bird family Cinclidae, so-called because of their bobbing or dipping movements. They are unique among passerines for their ability to dive and swim underwater. Taxonomy The genus ''Cinclus'' was introduced by the German naturalist Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen in 1797 with the white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus'') as the type species. The name ''cinclus'' is from the Ancient Greek word ''kinklos'' that was used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water. ''Cinclus'' is the only genus in the family Cinclidae. The white-throated dipper and American dipper are also known in Britain and America, respectively, as the ''water ouzel'' (sometimes spelt "ousel") – ouzel originally meant the only distantly related but superficially similar Eurasian blackbird (Old English ''osle''). Ouzel also survives as the name of a relative of the blackbird, the ring ouzel. The genus contains five species: *White-throated d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White-throated Dipper
The white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus''), also known as the European dipper or just dipper, is an aquatic passerine bird found in Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is divided into several subspecies, based primarily on colour differences, particularly of the pectoral band. The white-throated dipper is Norway's national bird. Taxonomy and systematics The white-throated dipper was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Sturnus cinclus''. The current genus ''Cinclus'' was introduced by the German naturalist Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen in 1797. The name ''cinclus'' is from the Ancient Greek word that was used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water. Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-throated dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the brow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White-throated Dipper
The white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus''), also known as the European dipper or just dipper, is an aquatic passerine bird found in Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is divided into several subspecies, based primarily on colour differences, particularly of the pectoral band. The white-throated dipper is Norway's national bird. Taxonomy and systematics The white-throated dipper was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' under the binomial name ''Sturnus cinclus''. The current genus ''Cinclus'' was introduced by the German naturalist Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen in 1797. The name ''cinclus'' is from the Ancient Greek word that was used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water. Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-throated dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the brow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown Dipper
The brown dipper (''Cinclus pallasii''), also known as Pallas's dipper, Asian dipper or the Asiatic dipper, is an aquatic songbird found in the mountains of the east Palearctic. It is a thrush-like bird with a cocked tail. Its plumage is chocolate-brown with a slightly lighter coloured back and breast. At and , it is the largest of the dippers. This species, which is not often seen, is found at medium to low elevations where mountain streams flow. Taxonomy The brown dipper was described by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1820 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus pallasii''. The type locality is Eastern Siberia. The specific epithet ''pallasii'' was chosen in honour of the Prussian naturalist Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the brown dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus''). There are three subspecies: * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brown Dipper
The brown dipper (''Cinclus pallasii''), also known as Pallas's dipper, Asian dipper or the Asiatic dipper, is an aquatic songbird found in the mountains of the east Palearctic. It is a thrush-like bird with a cocked tail. Its plumage is chocolate-brown with a slightly lighter coloured back and breast. At and , it is the largest of the dippers. This species, which is not often seen, is found at medium to low elevations where mountain streams flow. Taxonomy The brown dipper was described by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1820 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus pallasii''. The type locality is Eastern Siberia. The specific epithet ''pallasii'' was chosen in honour of the Prussian naturalist Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the brown dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the white-throated dipper (''Cinclus cinclus''). There are three subspecies: * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Dipper
The American dipper (''Cinclus mexicanus''), also known as a water ouzel, is a stocky dark grey bird with a head sometimes tinged with brown, and white feathers on the eyelids that cause the eyes to flash white as the bird blinks. It is long, has a wingspan of , and weighs on average . It has long legs, and bobs its whole body up and down during pauses as it feeds on the bottom of fast-moving, rocky streams. It inhabits the mountainous regions of Central America and western North America from Panama to Alaska. Taxonomy The American dipper was described by the English zoologist William John Swainson in 1827 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus mexicanus''. The type locality is Temascaltepec de González in Mexico. There are five subspecies: * ''C. m. unicolor'' Bonaparte, 1827 – Alaska, west Canada and west USA * ''C. m. mexicanus'' Swainson, 1827 – north and central Mexico * ''C. m. anthonyi'' Griscom, 1930 – southeast Mexico, southwest Guatemala, east Honduras a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rufous-throated Dipper
The rufous-throated dipper or Argentine dipper (''Cinclus schulzii'') is an aquatic songbird found in South America, and is part of the dipper family. It lives along rapid rocky streams of the Southern Andean Yungas, in far southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina at 800 metres to 2500 metres in elevation. The bird breeds in the alder zone at 1500 metres to 2500 metres in elevatio BirdLife International have classified this species as "Vulnerable". Threats included reservoir construction, hydroelectric dams, and irrigation schemes. The current population is estimated at 3,000 to 4,000. Taxonomy The rufous-throated dipper was described by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1882 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus schulzii''. The type locality is the mountain of Cerro Bayo in northern Argentina. The specific epithet ''schulzii'' was chosen to honour the German zoologist Friedrich W. Schulz (1866-1933) who had collected the specimen. The species is monotypic. Of the fiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rufous-throated Dipper
The rufous-throated dipper or Argentine dipper (''Cinclus schulzii'') is an aquatic songbird found in South America, and is part of the dipper family. It lives along rapid rocky streams of the Southern Andean Yungas, in far southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina at 800 metres to 2500 metres in elevation. The bird breeds in the alder zone at 1500 metres to 2500 metres in elevatio BirdLife International have classified this species as "Vulnerable". Threats included reservoir construction, hydroelectric dams, and irrigation schemes. The current population is estimated at 3,000 to 4,000. Taxonomy The rufous-throated dipper was described by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis in 1882 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus schulzii''. The type locality is the mountain of Cerro Bayo in northern Argentina. The specific epithet ''schulzii'' was chosen to honour the German zoologist Friedrich W. Schulz (1866-1933) who had collected the specimen. The species is monotypic. Of the fiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White-capped Dipper
The white-capped dipper (''Cinclus leucocephalus'') is an aquatic passerine found in South America. It is a small black bird with white spots. It is found in the Andes from northern Bolivia, through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia to northwest Venezuela. Taxonomy The white-capped dipper was described by the Swiss naturalist Johann Jakob von Tschudi in 1844 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus leucocephalus''. The type locality is the Junín Province in Peru. The specific epithet ''leucocephalus'' combines the Ancient Greek ''leukos'' "white" and ''-kephalos'' "-headed". Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-capped dipper is most closely related to the other South American species, the rufous-throated dipper (''Cinclus schulzii''). There are three subspecies: * ''C. l. rivularis'' Bangs, 1899 – north Colombia * ''C. l. leuconotus'' Sclater, PL, 1858 – west Venezuela to Ecuador * ''C. l. leucocephalus'' Tschudi, 1844 – Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White-capped Dipper
The white-capped dipper (''Cinclus leucocephalus'') is an aquatic passerine found in South America. It is a small black bird with white spots. It is found in the Andes from northern Bolivia, through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia to northwest Venezuela. Taxonomy The white-capped dipper was described by the Swiss naturalist Johann Jakob von Tschudi in 1844 and given the binomial name ''Cinclus leucocephalus''. The type locality is the Junín Province in Peru. The specific epithet ''leucocephalus'' combines the Ancient Greek ''leukos'' "white" and ''-kephalos'' "-headed". Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-capped dipper is most closely related to the other South American species, the rufous-throated dipper (''Cinclus schulzii''). There are three subspecies: * ''C. l. rivularis'' Bangs, 1899 – north Colombia * ''C. l. leuconotus'' Sclater, PL, 1858 – west Venezuela to Ecuador * ''C. l. leucocephalus'' Tschudi, 1844 – Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Blackbird
The common blackbird (''Turdus merula'') is a species of true thrush. It is also called the Eurasian blackbird (especially in North America, to distinguish it from the unrelated New World blackbirds), or simply the blackbird where this does not lead to confusion with a local species. It breeds in Europe, Asiatic Russia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. It has a number of subspecies across its large range; a few of the Asian subspecies are sometimes considered to be full species. Depending on latitude, the common blackbird may be resident, partially migratory, or fully migratory. The adult male of the common blackbird (''Turdus merula merula'', the nominate subspecies), which is found throughout most of Europe, is all black except for a yellow eye-ring and bill and has a rich, melodious song; the adult female and juvenile have mainly dark brown plumage. This species breeds in woods and gardens, building a neat, cup-shaped nest, bound toge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Passerine
A passerine () is any bird of the order Passeriformes (; from Latin 'sparrow' and '-shaped'), which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as perching birds, passerines are distinguished from other orders of birds by the arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching. With more than 140 families and some 6,500 identified species, Passeriformes is the largest clade of birds and among the most diverse clades of terrestrial vertebrates, representing 60% of birds.Ericson, P.G.P. et al. (2003Evolution, biogeography, and patterns of diversification in passerine birds ''J. Avian Biol'', 34:3–15.Selvatti, A.P. et al. (2015"A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the Oscines in the New World" ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', 88:1–15. Passerines are divided into three clades: Acanthisitti (New Zealand wrens), Tyranni (suboscines), and Passeri (oscines or songbirds). The passeri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Taxon
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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