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Chirosia Betuleti
''Chirosia betuleti'' is a species of fly, which causes knotting gall in ferns. The gall develops in the terminal shoots of ferns, such as broad buckler fern (''Dryopteris dilatata''), male fern (''Dryopteris filix-mas''), lady fern (''Athyrium filix-femina''), and ostrich fern (''Matteuccia struthiopteris)''.Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) ''Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls''. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. ., p. 80Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002). ''British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi.'' AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council. , p. 288BioStor Retrieved: 2011-07-28 The physical appearance of the galls The fly larva mines the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards int ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oscar Ringdahl
Oscar Ringdahl (1885–1966) was a Swedish entomologist who specialised in Diptera and Trichoptera. Ringdahl described many new species from Sweden and Lappland. Parts of his personal collection are in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and Lund University Zoology Museum (Lunds Universitet Zoologiska museet), Lund. Works Partial list:: *Ringdahl, O. (1939) Diptera der Fam. Muscidae, (die Gattungen Aricia und Anthomyza) von Zetterstedt in “Insecta Lapponica” und “Diptera Scandinaviae” beschrieben. ''Opuscula entomologica'', 4, 137–159. *Ringdahl, O. (1952) Catalogus Insectorum Sueciae. XI. Diptera Cyclorrhapha: Muscaria Schizometopa. ''Opuscula entomologica'' 17: 129–186 *Ringdahl, O. with Peder Nielsen and Søren Ludvig Tuxen Søren (, ) or Sören (, ) is a Scandinavian given name that is sometimes Anglicized as Soren. The name is derived from that of the 4th-century Christian saint Severin of Cologne,Portal Rheinische Geschichte"Severin (circa 330-400), Heilig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eulophidae
The Eulophidae are a large family of hymenopteran insects, with over 4,300 described species in some 300 genera. The family includes the genus ''Elasmus'', which used to be treated as a separate family, "Elasmidae", and is now treated as a subfamily of Eulophidae. These minute insects are challenging to study, as they deteriorate rapidly after death unless extreme care is taken (e.g., preservation in ethanol), making identification of most museum specimens difficult. The larvae of a very few species feed on plants, but the majority are primary parasitoids on a huge range of arthropods at all stages of development. They are exceptional in that they are one of two hymenopteran families with some species that are known to parasitize thrips. Eulophids are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats (one is even aquatic, parasitising water-penny beetles). Eulophids are separable from most other Chalcidoidea by the possession of only four tarsomeres on each leg, a small, st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diptera Of Europe
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described. Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthomyiidae
The Anthomyiidae are a large and diverse family of Muscoidea flies. Most look rather like small houseflies, but are commonly drab grey. The genus ''Anthomyia'', in contrast, is generally conspicuously patterned in black-and-white or black-and-silvery-grey. Most are difficult to identify, apart from a few groups such as the kelp flies that are conspicuous on beaches. The name Anthomyiidae was derived from Greek ''anthos'' (flower) plus ''myia'' (a fly). Some species are commonly called "root-maggots", as the larvae are found in the stems and roots of various plants. As larvae, some also feed on decaying plant material. The well-known grey "seaweed flies" or "kelp flies" (''Fucellia'') are examples. Others are scavengers in such places as birds' nests; yet other species are leaf miners; the family also includes inquilines, commensals, and parasitic larvae. Some species in the family are significant agricultural pests, particularly some from the genus '' Delia'', which includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitoids
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose complete metamorphosis may have pre-adapted them for a split lifestyle, with parasitoid l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elachertus
''Elachertus'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae The Eulophidae are a large family of hymenopteran insects, with over 4,300 described species in some 300 genera. The family includes the genus ''Elasmus'', which used to be treated as a separate family, "Elasmidae", and is now treated as a subf .... ReferencesKey to Nearctic eulophid genera Eulophidae {{Eulophidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dimmockia
''Dimmockia'' is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae The Eulophidae are a large family of hymenopteran insects, with over 4,300 described species in some 300 genera. The family includes the genus ''Elasmus'', which used to be treated as a separate family, "Elasmidae", and is now treated as a subf .... ReferencesKey to Nearctic eulophid generaUniversal Chalcidoidea Database Eulophidae Taxa named by William Harris Ashmead {{Eulophidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braconidae
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include ''Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', '' Apanteles'', ''Asobara'', '' Bracon'', ''Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', ''Chorebus'', '' Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', '' Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', ''Opius'', ''Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', ''Spathius'', and ''Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandibles. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gall
Galls (from the Latin , 'oak-apple') or ''cecidia'' (from the Greek , anything gushing out) are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants, fungi, or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls are often highly organized structures so that the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to some insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology. In human pathology, a gall is a raised sore on the skin, usually caused by chafing or rubbing. Causes of plant galls Insects and mites Insect galls are the highly distinctive plant structures formed by some herbivorous insects as their own microhabitats. They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect. Galls act as both the habitat a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chirosia Betuleti, Forming A Knotting Gall On Dryopteris Dilatata
''Chirosia'' is a genus of root-maggot flies in the family Anthomyiidae. There are over fifty described species in ''Chirosia''. Species These 58 species belong to the genus ''Chirosia'': *'' C. aberrans'' Collin, 1955 *'' C. abundepilosa'' ( Hennig, 1974) *'' C. aconiti'' (Ringdahl, 1948) *'' C. albifrons'' Tiensuu, 1938 *'' C. albitarsis'' (Zetterstedt, 1845) *'' C. alpicola'' Villeneuve, 1923 *'' C. arnolitra'' (Huckett, 1924) *'' C. asperistilata'' Suwa, 1974 *'' C. asymmetrica'' Suwa, 2006 *'' C. beckeri'' Schnabl, 1911 *'' C. betuleti'' (Ringdahl, 1935) *'' C. bisinuata'' (Tiensuu, 1939) *'' C. cinerosa'' (Zetterstedt, 1845) *'' C. consobrina'' (Huckett, 1929) *'' C. crassiseta'' Stein, 1908 *'' C. delicata'' (Huckett, 1949) *'' C. filicis'' (Huckett, 1949) *'' C. flavipennis'' ( Fallén, 1823) *'' C. forcipispatula'' Xue, 2001 *'' C. frontata'' Suwa, 1983 *'' C. gleniensis'' (Huckett, 1924) *'' C. grandivillosa'' (Huckett, 1924) *'' C. griseifrons'' ( Séguy, 1923) *'' C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trichomes
Trichomes (); ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant is an indumentum, and the surface bearing them is said to be pubescent. Algal trichomes Certain, usually filamentous, algae have the terminal cell produced into an elongate hair-like structure called a trichome. The same term is applied to such structures in some cyanobacteria, such as '' Spirulina'' and ''Oscillatoria''. The trichomes of cyanobacteria may be unsheathed, as in ''Oscillatoria'', or sheathed, as in ''Calothrix''. These structures play an important role in preventing soil erosion, particularly in cold desert climates. The filamentous sheaths form a persistent sticky network that helps maintain soil structure. Plant trichomes Plant trichomes have many different features that vary between both species of plants and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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