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Chinese Train Control System
The Chinese Train Control System (CTCS, ''simpl.chinese:'' 中国列车控制系统) is a train control system used on railway lines in People's Republic of China. CTCS is similar to the European Train Control System (ETCS). It has two subsystems: ground subsystem and onboard subsystem. The ground subsystem may based on balise, track circuit, radio communication network (GSM-R), and Radio Block Center (RBC). The onboard subsystem includes onboard computer and communication module. CTCS Levels There consists of 5 different levels (Level 0 to Level 5). Levels 2, 3, and 4 are back-compatible with lower levels. CTCS Level 0 (CTCS-0) For railway lines where operational speeds are below : * Track configuration: Track circuit * Cab configuration: CTCS Universal Cab Signalling (UCS) + Train operating service unit (TOSU/LKJ) + Driver Machine Interface (DMI). Level 0 is used on lines with conventional trackside signalling. Train drivers follow trackside signals primarily, with cab sig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rail Transport In The People's Republic Of China
Rail transport is an important mode of long-distance transportation in China. As of 2021, the country had more than of railways, the second longest network in the world. By the end of 2021, China had more than of high-speed rail (HSR), the longest HSR network in the world. Almost all rail operations are handled by the China State Railway Group Company, Limited, a state-owned company created in March 2013 (as China Railway Corporation) after the dissolution of the Ministry of Railways. It was converted into a joint-stock company and placed under the control of the Ministry of Finance in June 2019. China's railways are the busiest in the world. In 2019, railways in China delivered 3.660 billion passenger trips, generating 1,470.66 billion passenger-kilometres and carried 4.389 billion tonnes of freight, generating 3,018 billion cargo tonne-kilometres. Freight traffic turnover has increased more than fivefold over the period 1980-2013 and passenger traffic turnover has incre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Institution Of Railway Signal Engineers
The Institution of Railway Signal Engineers (IRSE) is a worldwide professional body for all those engaged or interested in railway signalling and telecommunications (S&T) and allied disciplines. Local sections The IRSE is based in London, with international sections in: * Australasia * Hong Kong * India * Japan * The Netherlands * North America * Singapore * Southern Africa * Switzerland * Malaysia * Indonesia * France * Thailand In the UK: * London and South East * Midland and North Western * Plymouth * Scottish * Western * York There is also a Minor Railways section specialising in railways that are not part of the national network, including industrial, tourist and heritage railways. Additionally there is a Younger Members section which aims to contribute to and improve the benefits that the IRSE provides for its younger members, which includes the co-ordination of a number of events each year. Membership grades Membership grade is dependent on the individual member's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Railway Signalling In China
Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in Track (rail transport), tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles (rolling stock) are directionally guided by the tracks on which they run. Tracks usually consist of steel rails, installed on Railroad tie, sleepers (ties) set in track ballast, ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a rail transport system generally encounters lower friction, frictional resistance than rubber-tyred road vehicles, so passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons) can be coupled into longer trains. The rail transport operations, operation is carried out by a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Railway Signalling
Railway signals in China are based on OSShD signals used by 25 countries of the former USSR, eastern Europe and adjacent countries. There are four observer countries. Overview Railway signals in China: Semaphore Semaphore signals based somewhat on British practice. Use Red and White home signals, and Yellow and Black distant signals. Apart from Red=Halt and single G=Clear, the lights of a semaphore signal at night do not match their colour light equivalents. There also more colour light aspects than semaphore aspects. Colourlight Colour lights: single green means full speed on straight, red means stop, with remainder meaning something in between. In China, double green is a more restrictive aspect than single green. If one of the green lamps fails, a less restrictive aspect is displayed which is potentially dangerous. Because of that lamp proving is necessary. Standards exported China is building or has built new standard gauge railways in Africa, and these are bein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LTE-M
LTE-M or LTE-MTC (" Long-Term Evolution Machine Type Communication"), is a type of low-power wide-area network radio communication technology standard developed by 3GPP for machine-to-machine and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. LTE-M includes eMTC ("enhanced Machine Type Communication"), also known as LTE Cat-M1, whose specification was frozen in 3GPP Release 13 (LTE Advanced Pro), in June 2016. Competing 3GPP IoT technologies include NB-IoT and EC-GSM-IoT. The advantage of LTE-M over NB-IoT is its comparatively higher data rate, mobility, and voice over the network, but it requires more bandwidth, is more costly, and cannot be put into guard band portion of the frequency band for now. Compared to LTE Release 12 Cat-0 modem, an LTE-M model is claimed to be 80% less expensive (in terms of the bill of materials), support up to 18 dB better coverage, and a battery lifetime that can last up to several years. In March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association reported ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moving Block
In railway signalling, a moving block is a signalling block system where the blocks are defined in real time by computers as safe zones around each train. This requires both knowledge of the exact location and speed of all trains at any given time, and continual communication between the central signalling system and the train's cab signalling system. Moving block allows trains to run closer together (reduced headway) while maintaining required safety margins, thereby increasing the line's overall capacity. It may be contrasted with fixed block signalling systems. Communications Based Train Control (CBTC) or Transmission Based Signalling (TBS) is required to detect the exact location of trains and to transmit back the permitted operating speed to enable this flexibility. Information about train location can be gathered through active and passive markers along the tracks, and train-borne tachometers and speedometers. Satellite-based systems are not used because they do not work ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS project was started by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973. The first prototype spacecraft was lau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High-speed Rail In China
The high-speed rail (HSR) network in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is the world's longest and most extensively used – with a total length of by the end of 2021. The HSR network encompasses newly built rail lines with a design speed of . China's HSR accounts for two-thirds of the world's total high-speed railway networks. Almost all HSR trains, track and service are owned and operated by the China Railway Corporation under the brand China Railway High-speed (CRH). High-speed rail developed rapidly in China since the mid-2000s. China's early high-speed trains were imported or built under technology transfer agreements with foreign train-makers including Alstom, Siemens, Bombardier and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. After the initial technological support, Chinese engineers have since re-designed internal train components and have built and produced indigenous trains manufactured by the state-owned CRRC Corporation, especially on newer lines. CRH was introduced in April ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Odometer
An odometer or odograph is an instrument used for measuring the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or car. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two (electromechanical). The noun derives from ancient Greek , ''hodómetron'', from , ''hodós'' ("path" or "gateway") and , ''métron'' ("measure"). Early forms of the odometer existed in the ancient Greco-Roman world as well as in ancient China. In countries using Imperial units or US customary units it is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer, the former name especially being prevalent in the United Kingdom and among members of the Commonwealth. History Classical Era Possibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of the ancient Roman Pliny (NH 6. 61-62) and the ancient Greek Strabo (11.8.9). Both authors list the distances of routes traveled by Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC) as by his bematists Diognetus and Baeton. However, the high ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Application Of Railway Signals
The application of railway signals on a rail layout is determined by various factors, principally the location of points of potential conflict, as well as the speed and frequency of trains and the movements they require to make. Non-provision of signals Before discussing the application of signals, it is useful to highlight some situations where signals are ''not'' required: * Sidings generally need not be signalled, as all movements within them are made cautiously at low speed. * Tram lines frequently employ "running on sight" without any signals (similar to road traffic). * Where movement authorities are passed to drivers exclusively by means other than fixed signals (e.g. by written or verbal authority), token, or cab signalling. Purpose of signals Signals exist primarily to pass instructions and information to drivers of passing trains. The driver interprets the signal's indication and acts accordingly. The most important indication is 'danger', which means 'stop'. N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automatic Train Protection
Automatic train protection (ATP) is a type of train protection system which continually checks that the speed of a train is compatible with the permitted speed allowed by signalling, including automatic stop at certain signal aspects. If it is not, ATP activates an emergency brake to stop the train. See also * Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System * Anti Collision Device * Automatic Warning System * Automatische treinbeïnvloeding (ATB) * British Rail's ATP system * Continuous Automatic Warning System (CAWS) * EBICAB * European Train Control System (ETCS) * Kavach * Positive Train Control (PTC) * Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung (PZB) * Train Protection & Warning System The Train Protection & Warning System (TPWS) is a train protection system used throughout the British passenger main-line railway network, and in Victoria, Australia. The British Rail Safety and Standards Board's definition is: The purpose of TPW ... * Train Warning System References {{rail-transp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Voie-Machine
Transmission Voie-Machine (TVM, English: track-to-train transmission) is a form of in-cab signalling originally deployed in France and is mainly used on high-speed railway lines. TVM-300 was the first version, followed by TVM-430. TVM-300 was developed in the 1970s as part of the TGV project. At speeds faster than 220 kilometres per hour, TGV trains only run along dedicated tracks designated as (LGV). When travelling at high speed, it is not possible for the driver to accurately see colour-light railway signals at the side of the track. Signalling information is instead transmitted to the train and displayed on the train driver's dashboard. The driver is shown the safe operating speed, measured in kilometres per hour. The 1980s-developed TVM-430 system provides more information than traditional signalling systems would allow, including track gradient profiles and information about the state of signalling blocks further ahead. This high degree of automation does not remove the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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