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Chess In Early Literature
One of the most common ways for chess historians to trace when the board game chess entered a country is to look at the literature of that country. Although due to the names associated with chess sometimes being used for more than one game (for instance Xiang-qi in China and Tables in England), the only certain reference to chess is often several hundred years later than uncertain earlier references. The following list contains the earliest references to chess or chess-like games. Byzantium a. 923 - at-Tabari's ''Kitab akhbar ar-rusul wal-muluk'' (note the work is an Arabic work, no early Greek works are known) China 79 BC - 8 BC - lifetime of Liu Xiang 劉 向, who wrote ''Shuo yuan'', a compilation of early Confucian anecdotes: "''Do you still feel like playing xiangqi and dancing?''" However, "xiangqi", apart from being the name of the chess variant played in China, has also been the name of two other unrelated games. (Sources''Meng Changjun Played Xiangqi and Danced with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chess Historian
This is a list of chess historians. Chess historians *Yuri Averbakh * Henry Bird * Ricardo Calvo (October 22, 1943 – September 26, 2002) * Hiram Cox * G. H. Diggle *David Vincent Hooper *Willard Fiske *Professor Duncan Forbes * Jeremy Gaige * Ann Gunter *Tim Harding (chess player) * H. F. W. Holt p. 5. *Thomas Hyde (29 June 1636 – 18 February 1703) *Sir William Jones (September 28, 1746 – April 27, 1794) *Garry Kasparov *Baron von der Lasa * David H. Li * Antonius van der Linde * A. A. Macdonell *H. J. R. Murray (June 24, 1868 – May 16, 1955) * Joseph Needham * A. v. Oefele * M. E. V. Savenkof * F. Strohmeyer * Olimpiu G. Urcan * Bo Utas * John Griswold White *Ken Whyld (6 March 1926 – 11 July 2003) *William Henry Wilkinson Sir William Henry Wilkinson (traditional Chinese: 務謹順, simplified Chinese: 务谨顺; May 10, 1858The Foreign Office list and diplomatic and consular year book for 1917, Foreign Office, Great Britain. - 1930) was a British Sinologist who se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chaturanga
Chaturanga ( sa, चतुरङ्ग; ') is an ancient Indian strategy game. While there is some uncertainty, the prevailing view among chess historians is that it is the common ancestor of the board games chess (European), xiangqi (Chinese), janggi (Korean), shogi (Japanese), sittuyin (Burmese), makruk (Thai), and modern Indian chess. Chaturanga is first known from the Gupta Empire in India around the 6th century CE. In the 7th century, it was adopted as ''chatrang'' (''shatranj'') in Sassanid Persia, which in turn was the form of chess brought to late-medieval Europe. Archeological remains from 2000 to 3000 BC have been found from the city of Lothal (of the Indus Valley civilisation) of pieces on a board that resemble chess. According to Stewart Culin, chaturanga was first described in the Hindu text ''Bhavishya Purana''. The ''Bhavishya Purana'' is known to include modern additions and interpolations, however, even mentioning British rule of India. The exact rules of ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A History Of Chess
The book ''A History of Chess'' was written by H. J. R. Murray (1868–1955) and published in 1913. Details Murray's aim is threefold: to present as complete a record as is possible of the varieties of chess that exist or have existed in different parts of the world; to investigate the ultimate origin of these games and the circumstances of the invention of chess; and to trace the development of the modern European game from the first appearance of its ancestor, the Indian chaturanga, in the beginning of the 7th century. The first part of the book describes the history of the Asiatic varieties of chess, the Arabic and Persian literature on chess, and the theory and practice of the game of shatranj. The second part is concerned with chess in Europe in the Middle Ages, its role in literature and in the moralities, and with medieval chess problems, leading up to the beginning of modern chess and the history of the modern game through to the 19th century. Murray, who knew the Englis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Timeline Of Chess
This is a timeline of chess. Early history * 6th century – The game chaturanga probably evolved into its current form around this time in India. * 569 – A Chinese emperor wrote a book of xiangqi, '' Xiang Jing'', in AD 569. * c. 600 – The ''Karnamuk-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan'' contains references to the Persian game of shatranj, the direct ancestor of modern Chess. Shatranj was initially called "Chatrang" in Persian (named after the Indian version), which was later renamed to shatranj. * c. 720 – Chess spreads across the Islamic world from Persia. * c. 840 – Earliest surviving chess problems by Caliph Billah of Baghdad. * c. 900 – Entry on Chess in the Chinese work Huan Kwai Lu ('Book of Marvels'). * 997 – Versus de scachis is the earliest known work mentioning chess in Christian Western Europe. * 1008 – Mention of chess in the will of Count Uregel, another early reference. * 10th century – As-Suli writes '' Kitab Ash-Shatranj'', the earliest known work to tak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Chess
The history of chess can be traced back nearly 1500 years to its earliest known predecessor, called chaturanga, in India; its prehistory is the subject of speculation. From India it spread to Persia. Following the Arab invasion and conquest of Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world and subsequently spread to Spain and the rest of Southern Europe. The game evolved roughly into its current form by about 1500 CE. "Romantic chess" was the predominant playing style from the late 18th century to the 1880s. Chess games of this period emphasized quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, and New Dynamism eras. In the second half of the 19th century, modern chess tournament play began, and the first official World Chess Championship was held in 1886. The 20th century saw great leaps forward in chess theory and the establishment of the World Chess Federation. In 1997, an IBM super ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Einsiedeln Abbey
Einsiedeln Abbey (german: Kloster Einsiedeln) is a Benedictine Catholic monastery in the village of Einsiedeln in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland. The abbey is dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits, in recognition of Meinrad of Einsiedeln, a hermit saint. A territorial abbey, Einsiedeln is not under the jurisdiction of a diocese or a bishop. Einsiedeln Abbey has been a major resting point for centuries for pilgrims travelling to Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Spain on the Way of St. James. The abbey operates a private high school along with a winery, sawmill, restaurant and other small businesses in order to support itself. History The history of Einsiedeln Abbey starts with Meinrad of Einsiedeln. Born in 797 to an aristocratic German family, he was educated at the abbey school on Reichenau Island in what is today Germany. Meinrad became a monk and was later ordained a priest. After gaining public attention for reportedly performing miracles, Meinrad established a her ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Versus De Scachis
(Latin: "Verses on Chess"), also known as the ''Einsiedeln Poem'' in some literature, is the title given to a 10th century Medieval Latin poem about chess. It is the first known European text to provide a technical description of chess for didactic purposes and it is considered a fundamental document to understand the development of chess in Europe. Background It was found on two manuscripts (Codex Einsidlensis 365 and 319) from Einsiedeln Abbey Library (where they are also currently preserved) located in Einsiedeln, Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland and it was dated to about AD 1000. The dating of the document makes the poem the earliest known reference to chess in a European text, as well as the earliest known document to mention the chess queen (called in Latin), and the first reference to a bicolor board with dark and light colors (a pattern that was absent from boards in precursors such as Indian '' chaturanga'' and Perso-Arabic ''shatranj'', both of which were single-color ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Counts Of Urgell
This is a list of the counts of Urgell, a county of the Principality of Catalonia in the 10th through 13th centuries. c. 798–870 Counts appointed by the Carolingians *798–820 Borrell, count of Urgell and Cerdanya *820–824 Aznar Galíndez I, count of Aragon, was given Borrell's counties while he was exiled from Aragon *824–834 Galindo Aznárez I *834–848 Sunifred I *848–870 Solomon (or Miró) 870–992 Counts from the House of Barcelona *870–897 Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona, Girona-Osona and Urgell-Cerdanya *898–948 Sunifred II *948–966 Miró de Barcelona, born c. 940 *966–30 September 992 Borrell II, count of Barcelona, Girona, Osona 992–1213 Counts from the House of Barcelona-Urgell *992 – 1 September 1010 Ermengol I ''el de Còrdova'' ("of Cordoba"), born 975, killed in battle at Córdoba in 1010 *1010–1038 Ermengol II ''el Peregrí'' ("the Pilgrim"), born 1009, died on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 1038 *1038–1065 Ermengol III ''el d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ermengol I, Count Of Urgell
Ermengol (or Armengol) I (974–1010), called ''el de Córdoba'', was the Count of Urgell from 992 to his death. He was the second son of Borrell II of Barcelona and his first wife, Letgarda. He was the second of the counts of Urgell and famous mainly for his participation in the Reconquista. A man of culture, Ermengol was open to influences from wider Europe and he made two voyages to Rome, in 998 and 1001. He was a stimulus to his nobles in making pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela or Le Puy-en-Velay, Le Puy. He also reformed the judiciary of his county to make justice more available to all.Archibald Ross Lewis, Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050'. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965, p. 379. He also began to reassert his authority over the outlying castles of his realm, whose lords were acting independent of his power. He also maintained an intense war against the Caliphate of Córdoba. In 1003, Urgell was invaded by Abd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shatranj
Shatranj ( ar, شطرنج; fa, شترنج; from Middle Persian ''chatrang'' ) is an old form of chess, as played in the Sasanian Empire. Its origins are in the Indian game of chaturaṅga. Modern chess gradually developed from this game, as it was introduced to Europe by contacts in Muslim Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and in Sicily in the 10th century. Etymology and origins The Persian word ''shatranj'' ultimately derives from Sanskrit ( sa, चतुरङ्ग; ') (''catuḥ'': "four"; ''anga'': "arm"), referring to the game of the same name: Chaturanga. In Middle Persian the word appears as ''chatrang'', with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text ''Mâdayân î chatrang'' ("Book of Chess") from the 7th century AD. In Persian folk etymology, a Persian text refers to Shah Ardashir I, who ruled from 224 to 241, as a master of the game: "By the help of Providence, Ardeshir became more victorious and warlike than all, on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII ( la, Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana ( it, Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Emperor Henry IV that affirmed the primacy of papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. He was also at the forefront of developments in the relationship between the emperor and the papacy during the years before he became pope. He was the first pope in several centuries to rigorously enforce the Western Church's ancient policy of celibacy for the clergy and also attacked the practice of simony. Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV three times. Consequently, Henry IV would appoint Antipope Clement III to oppose him in the polit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pope Alexander II
Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in Milan, Anselm was deeply involved in the Pataria reform movement. Elected according to the terms of his predecessor's bull, ''In nomine Domini'', Anselm's was the first election by the cardinals without the participation of the people and minor clergy of Rome. He also authorized the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. Early life and work Anselm was born in the parish of Cesano Boscone in the town of Corsico some 7 km (5 mi) from Milan of a noble family. The family took its name from Baggio. a suburb of Milan, where the family held the office of "captain". According to the ''Liber pontificalis'', his father's name was Anselmus or Ardericus. Contemporary sources do not provide any information on where Anselm might have obtained his education. It was traditionally believed that An ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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