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Charaxes Pelias
''Charaxes pelias'', the protea emperor or protea charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, and is endemic to the Cape Provinces in South Africa.Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren, 1963 Revisional notes on African ''Charaxes'' (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. ''Bulletin of the British Museum'' (Natural History) (Entomology) 205-207/ref>Charaxes_saturnus.html" ;"title="ow full species ''Charaxes saturnus">ow full species ''Charaxes saturnus''the black spots in the discal band of the forewing are smaller than the orange-yellow spots which they border proximally; the black marginal line of the hindwing much thinner than in the type-form ; on the underside of the hindwing the red-brown spots are large and at least as broad as the band; the marginal spots on the upper surface are sometimes little larger than in the type-form, sometimes very large, From Natal to the Congo and British East Africa. — ab. ''laticinctus'' (''brunnescens'' Rothsch.) has the basal part of the uppe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pieter Cramer
Pieter Cramer (21 May 1721 (baptized) – 28 September 1776), was a wealthy Dutch merchant in linen and Spanish wool, remembered as an entomologist. Cramer was the director of the Zealand Society, a scientific society located in Flushing, and a member of ''Concordia et Libertate'', based in Amsterdam. This literary and patriotic society, where Cramer gave lectures on minerals, commissioned and/or financed the publishing of his book ''De uitlandsche Kapellen'', on foreign (exotic) butterflies, occurring in three parts of the world Asia, Africa and America. Cramer assembled an extensive natural history collection that included seashells, petrifications, fossils and insects of all orders. Many were colourful butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), collected in countries where the Dutch had colonial or trading links, such as Surinam, Ceylon, Sierra Leone and the Dutch East Indies. Cramer decided to get a permanent record of his collection and so engaged the painter Gerrit Wartenaar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58See the 2014 version of the ICS geologic time scale million years ago. It is the second and most recent epoch of the Neogene Period in the . The Pliocene follows the Epoch and is followed by the Epoch. Prior to the 2009 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charaxes
The rajah and pasha butterflies, also known as emperors in Africa and Australia, (genus ''Charaxes'') make up the huge type genus of the brush-footed butterfly subfamily Charaxinae, or leafwing butterflies. They belong to the tribe Charaxini, which also includes the nawab butterflies ('' Polyura''). ''Charaxes'' are tropical Old World butterflies, with by far the highest diversity in sub-Saharan Africa, a smaller number from South Asia to Melanesia and Australia, and a single species ('' C. jasius'') in Europe. They are generally strong flyers and very popular among butterfly collectors. Etymology ''Charaxes'' means "to sharpen" or "to make pointed", referring to the pointed 'tails' on the hind wing. ''Charaxes'' may also be related to ''charax'', meaning 'a sharp stake', or ''charaxis'', a 'notch' or 'incision', which are also features of the hind wing. Biology ''Charaxes'' frequent sunny forest openings and glades where they rest with open or partly open wings sunning themsel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butterflies Described In 1775
Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The group comprises the large superfamily (zoology), superfamily Papilionoidea, which contains at least one former group, the skippers (formerly the superfamily "Hesperioidea"), and the most recent analyses suggest it also contains the moth-butterflies (formerly the superfamily "Hedyloidea"). Butterfly fossils date to the Paleocene, about 56 million years ago. Butterflies have a four-stage life cycle, as like most insects they undergo Holometabolism, complete metamorphosis. Winged adults lay eggs on the food plant on which their larvae, known as caterpillars, will feed. The caterpillars grow, sometimes very rapidly, and when fully developed, pupate in a chrysalis. When metamorphosis is complete, the pupal skin splits, the adult insect climbs o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consortium For The Barcode Of Life
The Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) was an international initiative dedicated to supporting the development of DNA barcoding as a global standard for species identification. CBOL's Secretariat Office is hosted by the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. Barcoding was proposed in 2003 by Prof. Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph in Ontario as a way of distinguishing and identifying species with a short standardized gene sequence. Hebert proposed the 658 bases of the Folmer region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome-C oxidase-1 as the standard barcode region. Hebert is the Director of the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, and the International Barcode of Life Project (iBOL), all headquartered at the University of Guelph. The Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD) is also located at the University of Guelph. CBOL was created in May 2004 with support of the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imago
In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity. It follows the final ecdysis of the immature instars.Carpenter, Geo. H., The Life-Story of Insects. Cambridge University Press 1913. May be downloaded from: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16410 or https://archive.org/details/thelifestoryofin16410gut In a member of the Ametabola or Hemimetabola, in which metamorphosis is "incomplete", the final ecdysis follows the last immature or '' nymphal'' stage. In members of the Holometabola, in which there is a pupal stage, the final ecdysis follows emergence from the pupa, after which the metamorphosis is complete, although there is a prolonged period of maturation in some species. The imago is the only stage during which the insect is sexually mature and, if it is a winged species, has functional wings. The i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafnia
''Rafnia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Species ''Rafnia'' comprises the following species: * ''Rafnia acuminata'' (E. Mey.) G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk * '' Rafnia affinis'' Harv. * '' Rafnia amplexicaulis'' Thunb. * '' Rafnia angulata'' Thunb. * '' Rafnia capensis'' (L.) Druce ** subsp. ''calycina'' G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk ** subsp. ''capensis'' (L.) Druce ** subsp. ''carinata'' G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk ** subsp. ''dichotoma'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk ** subsp. ''elsieae'' G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk ** subsp. ''ovata'' (P. J. Bergius) G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk ** subsp. ''pedicellata'' G. J. Campbell & B.-E. van Wyk * '' Rafnia crassifolia'' Harv. * '' Rafnia crispa'' C.H. Stirt. * '' Rafnia diffusa'' Thunb. * '' Rafnia divaricata'' Eckl. & Zeyh. * ''Rafnia elliptica'' Thunb. * '' Rafnia ericifolia'' T.M. Salter * ''Rafnia fastigiata'' Eckl. & Zeyh. * ''Rafnia globo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osyris Lanceolata
''Osyris lanceolata'', also known as African sandalwood or Camwood, is used for its scented wood and to extract essential oil. The hemi-parasitic plant is found from South Africa to Zimbabwe and east Africa, including Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda; northwest Africa; the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia. It grows in rocky areas or along the margins of dry forest, but is usually not abundant in any one place. The wood is overexploited Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Continued overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource, as it will be unable to replenish. The term ap ... in parts of its range despite legal protection. References External links * ''Osyris lanceolata'' Hochst. & Steud. ex A. DC., Flora of Zimbabwe lanceolata {{Santalales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Osyris Compressa
''Osyris compressa'' (Cape sumach or ''pruimbos'') is a facultatively hemiparasitic, mainly South African plant of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. Until recently, the favoured binomial name was ''Colpoon compressum'', but around 2001, the genus ''Colpoon'' was included in ''Osyris'' on the basis of comparative DNA studies. That assignment is not final, however, and according to the Kew Gardens plant list, ''Colpoon compressum'' P.J.Bergius, though still in review, is the accepted name. Distribution and description Cape sumach is a shrub or small tree of up to 5 m tall, though a more typical size for a plant growing in the open would be 2 to 3 m. The leaves are opposite, decussate, blue-green with a greyish bloom, elliptical, smooth, stiff, typically about 20–50 mm long, with thickened, entire margins. The inflorescence is a terminal panicle, bearing small, slightly fragrant, bisexual flowers. The flowers are creamy-green and unspectacular, but they appear through muc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Larvae
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The larva's appearance is generally very different from the adult form (''e.g.'' caterpillars and butterflies) including different unique structures and organs that do not occur in the adult form. Their diet may also be considerably different. Larvae are frequently adapted to different environments than adults. For example, some larvae such as tadpoles live almost exclusively in aquatic environments, but can live outside water as adult frogs. By living in a distinct environment, larvae may be given shelter from predators and reduce competition for resources with the adult population. Animals in the larval stage will consume food to fuel their transition into the adult form. In some organisms like polychaetes and barnacles, adults are immobil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charaxes Hansali
__NOTOC__ ''Charaxes hansali'', the cream-banded charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Tanzania, Rwanda, Kenya, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman. Description ''Ch. hansali'' Fldr. closely approaches ''Charaxes pelias'' in the markings, but has a broad light yellow discal band extending to the inner margin of the hindwing and the basal part of the upper surface is darker black-brown; the distal yellow spots in cellules 3—7 of the forewing are small and completely separated from the band; the yellow spots at the distal margin of the hindwing are streak-like and completely separated from the distal margin by the thick black marginal line; the tails are longer than in ''pelias'' ; the light-bordered spots in the basal part of the under surface have grey centres, as in ''pelias''. Abyssinia and the adjacent parts of Somaliland. — ''baringana'' Rothsch. only differs from the type-form in the narrower discal band of the up ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charaxes Legeri
''Charaxes legeri'', the St. Leger's charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in southern Burkina Faso, northern Benin, northern Nigeria and southern Niger. The habitat consists of woodland savanna at altitudes between 600 and 1,700 meters. Taxonomy D’Abrera (1980) and Henning (1989) suggested that ''Charaxes legeri'' might be a hybrid between ''Charaxes epijasius'' and ''Charaxes castor '' Larsen (2005) Larsen, T.B. 2005 ''Butterflies of West Africa''. Apollo Books, Svendborg, Denmark: 1-595 however, argues that ''Charaxes legeri'' is a distinct species. Related species Historical attempts to assemble a cluster of presumably related species into a "''Charaxes jasius'' Group" have not been wholly convincing. More recent taxonomic revision, corroborated by phylogenetic research, allow a more rational grouping congruent with cladistic relationships. Within a well-populated clade of 27 related species sharing a common ancestor approximately 16 mya dur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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