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Chadash
In Judaism, ''Chadash'' (or ''Chodosh'') () is a concept within Kashrut (the Jewish dietary regulations), based on the Biblical requirement not to eat any grain of the new year (or products made from it) prior to the annual ''Omer'' offering on the 16th day of Nisan. Grain products which are no longer affected by this law are referred to as Yashan (Hebrew: ישן \ יָשָׁן ''yashán'', "old"). The five types of grain In Rabbinic Judaism, this requirement is restricted to the five species of grains – wheat, barley, spelt, rye and a fifth ''shibolet shual'' (which has been identified with either oats, or a species of barley called segala in Latin). Any of these grains (or products made from them) that are too "young" to pass the requirement are referred to in Judaism as ''Chadash'' ("new rain). Additionally, the rabbinic interpretation requires grain to have taken root prior to the ''Omer'' offering for it to become permitted; therefore, grains planted after Passover co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashrut
(also or , ) is a set of dietary laws dealing with the foods that Jewish people are permitted to eat and how those foods must be prepared according to Jewish law. Food that may be consumed is deemed kosher ( in English, yi, כּשר), from the Ashkenazic pronunciation (KUHsher) of the Hebrew (), meaning "fit" (in this context: "fit for consumption"). Although the details of the laws of are numerous and complex, they rest on a few basic principles: * Only certain types of mammals, birds and fish meeting specific criteria are kosher; the consumption of the flesh of any animals that do not meet these criteria, such as pork, frogs, and shellfish, is forbidden. * Kosher mammals and birds must be slaughtered according to a process known as ; blood may never be consumed and must be removed from meat by a process of salting and soaking in water for the meat to be permissible for use. * Meat and meat derivatives may never be mixed with milk and milk derivatives: separate equipm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Five Species
In Judaism, the five species of grain ( he, חמשת מיני דגן, hameshet minei dagan) refer to five varieties of grain which have special status for a number of rituals. These species are commonly considered to be wheat, barley, oats, rye and spelt. However, some of these identifications are disputed. Identity The five species, with their Mishnaic Hebrew names, are as follows: * ( ) – wheat * ( ) – spelt, but modernly taken to refer to emmer wheat * ( ) – barley * ( ) – oats or two-rowed barley. The name literally means "fox ear". Rashi holds this to be oats, and Maimonides holds it to be a type of "wild barley," while Rabbi Nathan ben Abraham called it by its Arabic name (Fox's spike).Zohar Amar and El'ad Kapah, ''The Yemenite Commentary of Rabbi Nathan, President of the Academy, on the Identification of Flora in the Mishnah'', pub. in: ''Mittuv Yosef – Yosef Tobi Jubilee Volume'', The Jews of Yemen: History and Culture (vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hallah (tractate)
Challah (Hebrew: חלה, literally "Loaf") is the ninth tractate of ''Seder Zeraim'' ("Order of Seeds"). It discusses the laws of the dough offering, known in Hebrew as ''challah''. Like most of the tractates in Zeraim, it appears only in the Mishnah, and does not appear in the Babylonian Talmud, but rather in the Talmud Yerushalmi and Tosefta only. The location of the tractate in Seder Zera'im According to Maimonides' introduction to the Mishnah, the tractate of Challah is arranged after the tractate of Ma'aser Sheni, "because after we take out all of these gifts – which are 'terumah' and maaser rishon and aasersheni – then we grind it and make it into flour and knead it, and then we become obligated in 'challah.'". Contents There are 38 mishnayot in Hallah. They are divided into four chapters as follows: # חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים Five species (Nine mishnayot) - what dough is required for Challah # פֵּרוֹת Produce (Eight mishnayot) - How to separate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isaac Alfasi
Isaac ben Jacob Alfasi ha-Cohen (1013–1103) ( ar, إسحاق الفاسي, he, ר' יצחק אלפסי) - also known as the Alfasi or by his Hebrew acronym Rif (Rabbi Isaac al-Fasi), was a Maghrebi Talmudist and posek (decider in matters of halakha - Jewish law). He is best known for his work of ''halakha'', the legal code Sefer Ha-halachot, considered the first fundamental work in ''halakhic'' literature. His name "Alfasi" means "of Fez" in Arabic, but opinions differ as to whether he ever lived in Fez. Biography He was born in Qalaat Hammad, which is understood by most historians of the past 100 years to be Qalaat Beni Hammad in modern-day Algeria, capital city of the Hammadid rulers of central Maghreb.Leonard Levy, ''R. Yitzhaq Alfasi's application of principles of adjudication in Halakhot Rabbati'', footnotes 11-27 However, older sources believe Qalaat Hammad refers to a village near Fez. In the former case, Alfasi's name would indicate that his family had ancestry in Fez, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitteler Rebbe
Dovber Schneuri (13 November 1773 – 16 November 1827 OS) was the second Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Chasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber was the first Chabad rebbe to live in the town of Lyubavichi (in present-day Belarus), the town for which this Hasidic dynasty is named. He is also known as the Mitteler Rebbe ("Middle Rebbe" in Yiddish), being the second of the first three generations of Chabad leaders. Biography Rabbi Schneuri was born in Liozna, modern day Belarus, on 9 Kislev 5534. His father, Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, was Rebbe of the community there, and of many Chassidim in White Russia and Lithuania, and other parts of Russia. His father named him after his own teacher, Rabbi Dov Ber of Mezeritch, a disciple and successor of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of the Chassidic movement. The Yiddish first name דוב-בער ''Dov-Ber'' literally means "bear-bear", traceable back to the Hebrew word דב ''dov'' "bear" and the German word ''Bär'' "be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Responsa
''Responsa'' (plural of Latin , 'answer') comprise a body of written decisions and rulings given by legal scholars in response to questions addressed to them. In the modern era, the term is used to describe decisions and rulings made by scholars in historic religious law. In the Roman Empire Roman law recognised , i.e., the responses and thoughts of jurists, as one of the sources of (written law), along with laws originating from magistrates, from the Senate, or from the emperor. A particularly well-known and highly influential example of such ''responsa'' was the ''Digesta'' (or ''Digests''), in 90 books, the principal work of the prominent second century jurist Salvius Julianus. This was a systematic treatise on civil and praetorian law, consisting of responsa on real and hypothetical cases, cited by many later Roman legal writers. In the Catholic Church In the Catholic Church, ''responsa'' are answers of the competent executive authority to specific questions (in Latin, ''dub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
D'Oraita And D'Rabbanan
The Talmud uses many types of logical arguments. Some of the most common arguments and terms are discussed here. Chazakah (presumption) The term ''chazakah'' ( he, חזקה) usually refers to the default assumption; i.e. what is assumed until there is evidence to the contrary. For example, if one is known to have owned real estate, it is assumed that he still owns it until proven otherwise. However, with movable items, the ''chazakah'' lies with whoever currently has the item in his possession, not with the one who had previously owned it. This principle also applies in ritual law. For example: Food known to be kosher maintains its status until there is evidence to the contrary. Also, one who engages in acts done only by Kohanim is assumed to be a kohen himself, until proven otherwise (see Presumption of priestly descent). De'oraita and derabanan A law is ''de'oraita'' (Aramaic: דאורייתא, "of the Torah," i.e. scriptural) if it was given with the written Torah. A law is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shulchan Aruch HaRav
The ''Shulchan Aruch HaRav'' ( he, שולחן ערוך הרב, , Shulchan Aruch of the Rabbi; also romanized ''Shulkhan Arukh HaRav'') is especially a record of prevailing halakha by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1745–1812), known during his lifetime as '' HaRav'' (Hebrew for "The Rabbi") and as the first Rebbe (Yiddish for "rabbi") of Chabad. Within the Chabad community the work is known as the ''Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch''. New edition of the ''Shulchan Aruch'' Rabbi Shneur Zalman was asked by his teacher, Rabbi Dov Ber, the Maggid of Mezritch, to write an adjusted version of the ''Shulchan Aruch'' (1562 CE) of Rabbi Joseph Karo with reference to later commentaries, as well as subsequent responsa, for nascent Hassidism. The ''Shulchan Aruch'' (and its forerunner, the Beit Yosef) was written from the standpoint of Sephardi Minhag. Rabbi Shneur Zalman composed his updated and adapted ''Shulchan Aruch'' (c. 1800), so that Hassidic laymen would be able to study the corres ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanya (Judaism)
The ''Tanya'' () is an early work of Hasidic philosophy, by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of Chabad Hasidism, first published in 1796. Its formal title is ''Likkutei Amarim'' (, Hebrew language, Hebrew, "collection of statements"), but is more commonly known by its first Hebrew word ''tanya'', which means "it has been taught", where he refers to a baraita section in Niddah (Talmud), "Niddah", at the end of chapter 3, 30b. Tanya is composed of five sections that define Hasidic mystical psychology and theology as a handbook for daily spiritual life in Jewish observance. The ''Tanya'' is the main work of the Chabad philosophy and the Chabad approach to Jewish mysticism, Hasidic mysticism, as it defines its general interpretation and method. The subsequent extensive library of the Chabad school, authored by successive leaders, builds upon the approach of the Tanya. Chabad differed from "Mainstream Hasidism" in its search for philosophical investigation and intellectu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schneur Zalman Of Liadi
Shneur Zalman of Liadi ( he, שניאור זלמן מליאדי, September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 Adoption of the Gregorian calendar#Adoption in Eastern Europe, O.S. / 18 Elul 5505 – 24 Tevet 5573) was an influential Lithuanian Jews, Lithuanian Jewish rabbi and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, then based in Lyady, Vitebsk Region, Liadi in Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later in the Lithuania Governorate, Grodno Governorate of the Russian Empire. He was the author of many works, and is best known for ''Shulchan Aruch HaRav'', ''Tanya (Judaism), Tanya'', and his ''Siddur Torah Or'' compiled according to the ''Nusach Ari''. Zalman (name), Zalman is a Yiddish variant of Solomon and Shneur (or Shne'or) is a Yiddish composite of the two Hebrew words "shnei ohr" (שני אור "two lights"). Zalman of Liady is also known as "Shneur Zalman Baruchovitch," Baruchovitch being the Russian patronymic from his father Baruch, and by a variety of other t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yoel Sirkis
Joel ben Samuel Sirkis (Hebrew: רבי יואל בן שמואל סירקיש; born 1561 - March 14, 1640) also known as the Bach (an abbreviation of his magnum opus BAyit CHadash), was a prominent Ashkenazi posek and halakhist, who lived in central Europe and held rabbinical positions in Belz, Brest-Litovsk and Kraków, and is considered to be one of the greatest Talmudic scholars of Poland. He is known for his liberal rulings in his responsum in which he challenges the rabbinic status quo. Biography Born in Lublin, Poland in 1561, his father Samuel Sirkis was a rabbi in Lublin and his mother Sarah Jaffe was a member of the Jaffe family, through her father Moses Jaffe of Kraków, making Mordecai Jaffe, the Bach's second cousin. At age fourteen he went to the yeshiva of Naftali Zvi Hirsch Schor, a leading student of Moses Isserles. After remaining there for some time he went to Brest-Litovsk, where he attended the yeshiva of Rabbi Phoebus. While still in his youth, he was invited ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Caro
Joseph ben Ephraim Karo, also spelled Yosef Caro, or Qaro ( he, יוסף קארו; 1488 – March 24, 1575, 13 Nisan 5335 A.M.), was the author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the '' Beit Yosef'', and its popular analogue, the ''Shulchan Arukh''. To this end he is often referred to as HaMechaber ( he, הַמְחַבֵּר, "''The Author''") and as Maran ( arc, מָרַן, "''Our Master''").Joseph ben Ephraim Karo '' Britannica.com'' Biography Joseph Karo was born in Toledo in 1488. In 1492, aged four, he was[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
