|
Cereal Cyst Nematode
Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (syn. cereal root eelworm and oat cyst nematode) is a plant pest caused by '' Heterodera avenae'', '' Heterodera bifenestra'', ''Heterodera hordecalis'', ''Heterodera latipons'', and '' Heterodera gotland'' in the following hosts: '' Avena sativa'', ''Hordeum vulgare'', ''Secale cereale'', ''Triticum aestivum Common wheat (''Triticum aestivum''), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species. About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat; it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield. Ta ...'', and × ''Triticosecale''. a Grain Genes References |
Heterodera Avenae
''Heterodera avenae'', the cereal cyst nematode or European cyst nematode, is a plant pathogen and an obligate parasite of cereal crops including barley, oats, wheat and rye. Cereal crops infected with this nematode are more susceptible to infection by fungal diseases such as rhizoctonia root rot. Life cycle This microscopic nematode exhibits sexual dimorphism. The female is rounded and white and measures 680 by 930 micrometres. The male is vermiform and transparent and measures 40 by 1300 micrometres. The Egg (biology), eggs are oval and the vermiform larvae moult four times. The second instar larvae are mobile and can travel distances of up to thirty centimetres, looking for and invading roots of suitable host species. Here they develop, growing into sedentary bottle-shaped third instar larvae and rounded fourth instar ones. These then develop into either females or males and mating takes place. The female retains the majority of the several hundred eggs she produces inside her ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterodera Bifenestra
''Heterodera bifenestra'' (cereal cyst nematode) a Grain Genes is a plant pathogenic nematode, that is a causal agent of the cereal cyst nematode. References bifenestra Plant pathogenic nematodes[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterodera Hordecalis
''Heterodera hordecalis'' is a plant pathogenic nematode affecting barley. See also * List of oat diseases This article is a list of diseases of the cultivated oat ''Avena sativa''. Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Miscellaneous diseases or disorders Nematodes, parasitic Viruses Oats The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called t ... References External links Nemaplex, University of California - Heterodera hordecalis hordecalis Plant pathogenic nematodes Oats diseases {{plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterodera Latipons
''Heterodera latipons'', the Mediterranean cereal cyst nematode or wheat cyst nematode, is a plant pathogenic nematode. See also * List of barley diseases * List of oat diseases This article is a list of diseases of the cultivated oat ''Avena sativa''. Bacterial diseases Fungal diseases Miscellaneous diseases or disorders Nematodes, parasitic Viruses Oats The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called t ... References External links Nemaplex, University of California - Heterodera latipons latipons Plant pathogenic nematodes Barley diseases Oats diseases {{plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterodera Gotland
''Heterodera'' is a genus of nematodes in the family Heteroderidae. Members of the genus are obligate parasites and different species attack different crops, often causing great economic damage. The genus is unique among nematode genera because of the ability of the female to transform into a tough, brown, cyst which protects the eggs which have been formed within her body. The name heterodera "refers to the different 'skins' of female and cyst."Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2nd ed., by Mohammad Rafiq Siddiqi Diversity The following is a list of taxa in the genus ''Heterodera'': * '' Heterodera amygdali'' * '' Heterodera arenaria'' * '' Heterodera aucklandica'' * '' Heterodera avenae'' * '' Heterodera bergeniae'' * '' Heterodera bifenestra'' * '' Heterodera cacti'' * '' Heterodera cajani'' * ''Heterodera canadensis'' * '' Heterodera cardiolata'' * '' Heterodera carotae'' * ''Heterodera ciceri'' * '' Heterodera cruciferae'' * '' Heterodera delvii'' * '' Heterodera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avena Sativa
The oat (''Avena sativa''), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals). While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and rolled oats, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Oats are a nutrient-rich food associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly. Avenins are oat gluten proteins, similar to gliadin in wheat. They can trigger celiac disease in a small proportion of people. Also, oat products are frequently contaminated by other gluten-containing grains, mainly wheat and barley. Origin The wild ancestor of ''Avena sativa'' and the closely related minor crop '' A. byzantina'' is '' A. sterilis''. ''A. sterilis'' is a wild oat that is naturally hexaploid. Genetic evidence shows the ancestral forms of ''A. sterilis'' grew in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East. Oats are usually thought to have emerged a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hordeum Vulgare
Barley (''Hordeum vulgare''), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. Globally 70% of barley production is used as animal fodder, while 30% as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. In 2017, barley was ranked fourth among grains in quantity produced () behind maize, rice and wheat. Etymology The Old English word for barley was ', which traces back to Proto-Indo-European and is cognate to the Latin word ' "flour" (''see corresponding entries''). The direct ancestor of modern English ''barley'' in Old English was the derived adjective ''bærlic'', meaning "of barley". The first citation of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secale Cereale
Rye (''Secale cereale'') is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to both wheat (''Triticum'') and barley (genus ''Hordeum''). Rye grain is used for flour, bread, beer, crispbread, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats. Rye is a cereal grain and should not be confused with ryegrass, which is used for lawns, pasture, and as hay for livestock. Distribution and habitat Rye is one of a number of species that grow wild in the Levant, central and eastern Turkey and in adjacent areas. Evidence uncovered at the Epipalaeolithic site of Tell Abu Hureyra in the Euphrates valley of northern Syria suggests that rye was among the first cereal crops to be systematically cultivated, around 13,000 years ago. However, that claim remains controversial; critics point to inconsistencie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triticum Aestivum
Common wheat (''Triticum aestivum''), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species. About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat; it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield. Taxonomy Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics. List of common cultivars * Albimonte * Manital Phylogeny Bread wheat is an allohexaploid (an allopolyploid with six sets of chromosomes: two sets from each of three different species). Of the six sets of chromosomes, two come from ''Triticum urartu'' (einkorn wheat) and two from a species related to ''Aegilops speltoides''. This spontaneous hybridisation created the tetraploid species ''Triticum turgidum'' (an ancestor of wild emmer wheat and durum wheat) 580,000–820,000 years ago. The last two sets of chromosomes came from wild goat-gra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
× Triticosecale
Triticale (; × ''Triticosecale'') is a hybrid of wheat (''Triticum'') and rye (''Secale'') first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany. Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. As a rule, triticale combines the yield potential and grain quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop. Depending on the cultivar, triticale can more or less resemble either of its parents. It is grown mostly for forage or fodder, although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at health food stores and can be found in some breakfast cereals. When crossing wheat and rye, wheat is used as the female parent and rye as the male parent (pollen donor). The resulting hybrid is sterile and must be treated with colchicine to induce polyploidy an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterodera
''Heterodera'' is a genus of nematodes in the family Heteroderidae. Members of the genus are obligate parasites and different species attack different crops, often causing great economic damage. The genus is unique among nematode genera because of the ability of the female to transform into a tough, brown, cyst which protects the eggs which have been formed within her body. The name heterodera "refers to the different 'skins' of female and cyst."Tylenchida: Parasites of Plants and Insects, 2nd ed., by Mohammad Rafiq Siddiqi Diversity The following is a list of taxa in the genus ''Heterodera'': * ''Heterodera amygdali'' * '' Heterodera arenaria'' * '' Heterodera aucklandica'' * ''Heterodera avenae'' * '' Heterodera bergeniae'' * ''Heterodera bifenestra'' * '' Heterodera cacti'' * ''Heterodera cajani'' * '' Heterodera canadensis'' * '' Heterodera cardiolata'' * ''Heterodera carotae'' * '' Heterodera ciceri'' * ''Heterodera cruciferae'' * ''Heterodera delvii'' * '' Heterodera elachis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cereal Diseases
A cereal is any grass cultivated for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran. Cereal grain crops are grown in greater quantities and provide more food energy worldwide than any other type of crop and are therefore staple crops. They include wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Edible grains from other plant families, such as buckwheat, quinoa and chia, are referred to as pseudocereals. In their unprocessed whole grain form, cereals are a rich source of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, oils, and protein. When processed by the removal of the bran and germ the remaining endosperm is mostly carbohydrate. In some developing countries, grain in the form of rice, wheat, millet, or maize constitutes a majority of daily sustenance. In developed countries, cereal consumption is moderate and varied but still substantial, primarily in the form of refined and processed grains. Because of this dietary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
