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Central And South New Guinea Languages
The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine families to four) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families. * Central and South New Guinea (Asmat–Ok) ** Asmat–Kamoro family recent expansion along the south coast** Greater Awyu family ** Mombum family ** Ok–Oksapmin family '' Ethnologue'' (2009) retains only Awyu–Dumut and O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of Motu, from the Austronesian l ...: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Mainland Australia, Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua (province), Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua (province), West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marind Languages
{{Disambiguation ...
Marind may refer to: *Marind people *Marind languages **Marind language Marind is a Papuan language spoken in Malind District, Merauke Regency, Indonesia by over ten thousand people. Dialects are Southeast Marind, Gawir, Holifoersch, and Tugeri. Bian Marind (Northwest Marind), also known as Boven-Mbian, is divergent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, a sovereign state in Oceania, is the most linguistically diverse country in the world. According to Ethnologue, there are 839 living languages spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages (languages, not dialects)." Languages with statutory recognition are Tok Pisin, English, Hiri Motu, and Papua New Guinean Sign Language.There is no specific legislation proclaiming official languages in Papua New Guinea. In the constitution of Papua New Guinea, section 2(11) (literacy) of its preamble mentions '...all persons and governmental bodies to endeavour to achieve universal literacy in Pisin, Hiri Motu or English' as well as "tok ples" and "ita eda tano gado". In addition, section 67 (2)(c) mentions "speak and understand Pisin or Hiri Motu, or a vernacular of the country, sufficiently for normal conversational purposes" as a requirement for citizenship by nationalisation; this i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Languages Of Indonesia
More than 700 living languages are spoken in Indonesia. These figures indicate that Indonesia has about 10% of the world's languages, establishing its reputation as the second most linguistically diverse nation in the world after Papua New Guinea. Most languages belong to the Austronesian language family, while there are over 270 Papuan languages spoken in eastern Indonesia. The language most widely spoken as a native language is Javanese. Languages in Indonesia are classified into nine categories: national language, locally used indigenous languages, regional lingua francas, foreign and additional languages, heritage languages, languages in the religious domain, English as a lingua franca, and sign languages. National language The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian (locally known as ''bahasa Indonesia''), a standardised form of Malay, which serves as the lingua franca of the archipelago. The vocabulary of Indonesian borrows heavily from regional languages of In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central And South New Guinea Languages
The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine families to four) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families. * Central and South New Guinea (Asmat–Ok) ** Asmat–Kamoro family recent expansion along the south coast** Greater Awyu family ** Mombum family ** Ok–Oksapmin family '' Ethnologue'' (2009) retains only Awyu–Dumut and O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central West New Guinea Languages
The Central West New Guinea languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies. Languages The languages are as follows: * Awyu–Ok **Digul River (Greater Awyu) ** Kamula–Elevala ** Ok * Momuna–Mek ** Mek ** Momuna (Somahai) Voorhoeve (1975) noted a connection between Somahai and the Ok and Dumut languages, but did not consider Mek. (See Central and South New Guinea languages.) The Oksapmin language Oksapmin is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Oksapmin Rural LLG, Telefomin District, Sandaun, Papua New Guinea. The two principal dialects are distinct enough to cause some problems with mutual intelligibility. Oksapmin has dyadic kin ... is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both). Proto-Anim is reconstructed with similar pronou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Momuna Languages
Momuna (Momina), also known as Somahai (Somage, Sumohai), is a Papuan language spoken in the highlands of Papua province, Indonesia. Varieties Reimer notes two dialects, one on the Balim River and one on the Rekai. One of the differences is that when /u/ follows an /u/ or /o/ in the Balim dialect, it is /i/ in the Rekai dialect. Thus the ethnonym 'Momuna' is pronounced 'Momina' in Rekai dialect. Classification The Somahai pronouns, singular *na, *ka, *mo, are typical of Trans–New Guinea languages. They were placed in the Central and South New Guinea branch of that family by Wurm. Ross could not locate enough evidence to classify them. Usher found them to be closest to the Mek languages The Mek languages are a well established family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek peoples. They form a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Mek, then cal ..., in the Central West New Guinea, which p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Strickland Languages
The East Strickland or Strickland River languages are a family of Papuan languages. Languages The East Strickland languages actually form a language continuum. Shaw (1986) recognizes six languages, which are: *Upper: Fembe (Agala), Konai * Odoodee (Tomu) *Central/Middle: Gobasi (Nomad), Kubo, Samo Samo (–) founded the first recorded political union of Slavic tribes, known as Samo's Empire (''realm'', ''kingdom'', or ''tribal union''), stretching from Silesia to present-day Slovakia, ruling from 623 until his death in 658. According to ... (Daba) Gobasi, Odoodee and Samo, but especially Gobasi, are also known as "Nomad". Pronouns Pronouns are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Voorhoeve (1970), Shaw (1973), and Shaw (1986), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: Evolution Supposed East Strickland reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma are: Samo language: *''(da)subu'' ‘ashes’ < *sumbu *''si''- †... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duna–Pogaya Languages
The Duna–Pogaya (Duna–Bogaia) languages are a proposed small family of Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Voorhoeve (1975), Ross Ross or ROSS may refer to: People * Clan Ross, a Highland Scottish clan * Ross (name), including a list of people with the surname or given name Ross, as well as the meaning * Earl of Ross, a peerage of Scotland Places * RoSS, the Republic of Sou ... (2005) and Usher (2018), consisting of two languages, Duna and Bogaya, which in turn form a branch of the larger Trans–New Guinea family. ''Glottolog'', which is based largely on Usher, however finds the connections between the two languages to be tenuous, and the connection to TNG unconvincing. Language contact Duna has had significant influence on Bogaya due to the socioeconomic dominance of Duna speakers over the less populous, less influential Bogaya speakers. Duna also has much more influence from Huli (a widely spoken Trans-New Guinea language) at 27–32 percent lexi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bosavi Languages
The Bosavi or Papuan Plateau languages are a family of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher. The family is named after Mount Bosavi and the Papuan Plateau. Languages The languages, which are closely related (though they may have only 10–15% of their vocabulary in common), are: *Mount Bosavi: Kaluli–Sonia, Aimele (Kware), Kasua * Onobasulu * Mount Sisa: Edolo– Beami * Dibiyaso (Bainapi) The unity of the Bosavi languages was quantitatively demonstrated by Evans and Greenhill (2017). Palmer et al. (2018) consider Dibiyaso to be a language isolate Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The num .... Pronouns Pronouns are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from the Trans-New Guinea database ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Finisterre–Huon Languages
The Finisterre–Huon languages comprise the largest family within the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. They were part of the original TNG proposal, and William A. Foley considers their TNG identity to be established. The languages share a small closed class of verbs taking pronominal object prefixes some of which are cognate (Suter 2012), strong morphological evidence that they are related. History of classification Huon and Finisterre, and then the connection between them, were identified by Kenneth McElhanon (1967, 1970). When McElhanon compared notes with his colleague Clemens Voorhoeve, who was working on the languages of southern Irian Jaya, they developed the concept of Trans–New Guinea. Apart from the evidence which unites them, the Finisterre and Huon families are clearly valid language families in their own right, each consisting of several fairly-well defined branches. (See Finisterre languages and Huon languages.) Pronouns R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
