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Central Crisis Management Cell
The Central Crisis Management Cell (CCMC) ( ar, خلية إدارة الأزمة السورية), also known as the ''Syrian Crisis Cell'', is a secret security committee established by the Syrian government in March 2011 to coordinate the response to civilian protest and internal dissent. It was headed by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, and its members included the heads of the National Security Office, Military Intelligence Directorate, Air Force Intelligence Directorate, Political Security Directorate, and General Intelligence Directorate, as well as the Ministers of Interior and Defense. The CCMC met regularly in an office on the first floor of the Baath Party's Regional Command in central Damascus. It focused on identifying opposition figures and taking the necessary steps to crush dissent. CCMC members agreed on a plan at the end of each meeting, and minutes were sent via courier to Bashar al-Assad at the presidential palace, who approved and signed proposals, then retur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics Of Syria
Politics in the Syrian Arab Republic takes place in the framework of a presidential republic with nominal multiparty representation in parliament but with most opposition parties suppressed. President Bashar al-Assad, and his Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party have remained dominant forces in the country's politics since the 1970 coup d'état. Until the early stages of the Syrian uprising, the president had broad and unchecked decree authority under a long-standing state of emergency. The end of this emergency was a key demand of the uprising. Superficial reforms in 2011 made presidential decrees subject to approval by the People's Council, the country's legislature, which is itself dominated to parties loyal to the president. The Ba'ath Party is Syria's ruling party and the previous Syrian constitution of 1973 stated that "the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party leads society and the state."Article 8 of the Constitution At least 167 seats of the 250-member parliament were guaranteed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bashar Al-Assad
Bashar Hafez al-Assad, ', Levantine pronunciation: ; (, born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the 19th president of Syria, since 17 July 2000. In addition, he is the commander-in-chief of the Syrian Armed Forces and the Secretary-General of the Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, which espouses the ideologies of neo-Ba'athism and Assadism. His father and predecessor was General Hafez al-Assad, whose presidency between 1971 to 2000 marked the transfiguration of Syria from a republican state into a dynastic military dictatorship tightly controlled by Alawite-dominated armed forces and ''Mukhabarat'' (secret services) loyal to the Assad family. Born and raised in Damascus, Bashar al-Assad graduated from the medical school of Damascus University in 1988 and began to work as a doctor in the Syrian Army. Four years later, he attended postgraduate studies at the Western Eye Hospital in London, specialising in ophthalmology. In 1994, afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Security Bureau Of The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
The National Security Bureau (), officially the National Security Bureau of the Regional Command of the Syrian Regional Branch (), is a Ba'ath Party bureau which coordinates the work of Syria's intelligence agencies and advises the Regional Secretary. The individual intelligence agencies, however, in practice have a significant degree of independence and generally report directly to the president. The current head of the National Security Bureau is Ali Mamlouk. Heads *Abd al-Karim al-Jundi (September 1966 – 2 March 1969) *Naji Jamil (November 1970 – March 1978) * Ahmad Diyab (1979–1987) *Abdul Rauf al-Kasm (1987 – 17 June 2000) * Mohammed Saeed Bekheitan (21 June 2000 – 6 June 2005) *Hisham Ikhtiyar (9 June 2005 – 18 July 2012) *Ali Mamlouk (25 July 2012 – present) Syrian intelligence agencies * General Intelligence Directorate ( Internal Branch - 251) *Political Security Directorate * Military Intelligence Directorate *Air Force Intelligence Directorate The A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The Military Intelligence Directorate ( ar, شعبة المخابرات العسكرية, translit=Shu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya), is the military intelligence service of Syria. Although its roots go back to the French mandate period (1923–1943), its current organization was established in 1969.Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick . Lib.unb.ca. Retrieved on 19 October 2010. Its predecessor organisation was called the '''' (the Second Bureau). It is headquartered at the |
Air Force Intelligence Directorate
The Air Force Intelligence Directorate ( ar, إدارة المخابرات الجوية, ''Idarat al-Mukhabarat al-Jawiyya'') is an intelligence service of Syria, possibly the country's most powerful, owing its importance to Hafez al-Assad's role as the Air Force commander. Despite its name, it is mainly involved with issues other than air force intelligence, and took an active part in the suppression of the Muslim Brotherhood rebellion in the 1980s. Agents of this service have frequently been stationed in Syrian embassies or branch offices of the national airline. The service was headed for nearly thirty years by Maj. Gen. Muhammad al-Khuli, who was trusted by Hafez al-Assad and had an office adjacent to the president's in the presidential palace. In 1995, it was headed by Ibrahim Huwayji. As of 2019, it is headed by Gen Ghassan Jaoudat Ismail. Hassan previously served as a security official in the eastern governorate of Deir ez-Zor. He is a part of Bashar al-Assad's inner cir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Political Security Directorate
Political Security Directorate (PSD, ar, إدارة الأمن السياسي, ''Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi'') is an intelligence service of the Syrian government. It is divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department. Intelligence division is affiliated to the Ministry of Interior. It is active against the Syrian opposition. It monitors political dissent and all media outlets. This intelligence service has been headed by Major General Ghaith Shafeeq Deeb since February 5, 2021. Heads of Political Security Directorate * Ahmad Sa'id Salih (past - 1987) * Adnan Badr Hassan (1987–2002) * Ghazi Kanaan (2002–2004) * Muhammad Mansoura (2004–2009) *Mohammed Dib Zaitoun (2009 – July 2012) *Rustum Ghazali (July 2012 – April 2015) :*Head of Investigative branch: Brig. Gen. Makhmoud al-Khattib (2011). :*Head of Operations branch: Brig. Gen. Mohamed Heikmat Ibrahim (2011). * Nasser Ali (April 2015–2017) * Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun (2017–Nove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The General Intelligence Directorate ( ar, إِدَارَةُ الْمُخَابَرَاتِ الْعَامَّةِ, ''ʾIdārat al-Mukhābarāt al-ʿAmmāh''), also known as the ''General Security Directorate'' or ''Syrian GID'', is the most important civil intelligence service of Syria and plays an important role in quelling internal dissent. The General Intelligence Directorate conducts surveillance of the Syrian population, directs foreign intelligence, and monitors activities in Lebanon. Organization The General Intelligence Directorate is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior. It is divided into three branches: * Internal Security Division (Branch 251) *External Security Division *Palestinian Affairs Division The internal security division is responsible for the internal surveillance of the population. The external security division is responsible for foreign intelligence work. And, the Palestinian division is responsible for monitoring the activities of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maher Al-Assad
Maher al-Assad ( ar, مَاهِرُ ٱلْأَسَدِ, Māhir al-ʾAsad, born 8 December 1967) is a Syrian general and commander of the Republican Guard and the army's elite Fourth Armoured Division, which together with Syria's secret police form the core of the country's security forces. He is also a member of the Central Committee of the Ba'ath Party's Syrian Regional Branch. He is thought by some to be the second-most powerful man in Syria after his brother Bashar, the current President. Maher is described by analysts as preferring Iran (as opposed to Russia) to play the largest role as the Syrian Government's main ally during the Syrian Civil War and subsequent post-war reconstruction. This is in contrast to the position of Major General Suheil al-Hassan, commander of the Division 25 Special Mission Forces who has gained much influence as a result of his activities during the Syrian Civil War, who was reported as preferring Russia. Early life and education Maher ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
4th Armoured Division (Syria)
The 4th Armoured Division ( ar, الفرقة الرابعة, al-Firqa ar-Rābiʿah) is an elite formation of the Syrian Army whose primary purpose is to defend the Syrian government from internal and external threats. History The division has its roots in the Defense Companies commanded by Rifaat al-Assad, younger brother of President Hafez al-Assad. After Rifaat was banished from Syria in 1984, the Defense Companies were reorganised into the 569th Armoured Division, and later into the 4th Armoured Division. The Division is regarded by some as the best trained and best equipped of the Syrian Army. The 4th Armoured Division, the Republican Guard, and Syria's secret police form the heart of the country's security forces. As a result, the Division is drawn mostly from members of the same Alawite group as the Assad family. About 80 percent of the division's soldiers and officers are Alawites and nearly 90 percent of them are career soldiers, in contrast to the conscripts who comprise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dawoud Rajiha
Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha ( ar, داود راجحة; 1947 – 18 July 2012), forename sometimes transliterated Dawood or Daoud, surname sometimes transliterated Rajha, was the Syrian minister of defense from 2011 to July 2012 when he was assassinated along with other senior military officers by armed opposition forces during the country's Civil War. From 2009 to 2011, Rajiha served as chief of staff of the Syrian Army. Early life Rajiha, a Greek Orthodox Arab Christian, was born in Damascus in 1947. A specialist in artillery, he graduated from Syria's military academy in 1967. Military education Dawoud Abdallah Rajiha attended different courses and a higher military education: * Bachelor in Military Sciences, Field Artillery Officer, Syrian Military Academy * Staff Course * General Command and Staff Course * Higher Staff Course (War Course) Career Rajiha attained the rank of major general in 1998 and was appointed as the Syrian Army's deputy chief of staff six years later ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assef Shawkat
Assef Shawkat ( ar, آصِفُ شَوْكَتْ, ʾĀṣif Šawkat; 15 January 1950 – 18 July 2012) was the deputy Minister of Defense of Syria from September 2011 until his death in July 2012. He was the brother-in-law of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, having married his older sister Bushra. He and three other top Syrian government officials were killed on 18 July 2012 in Damascus during a deadly bomb attack allegedly organized by the Free Syrian Army. Early life and education Assef Shawkat was born into an Alawite family in the village of Al-Madehleh in the Tartus region of Syria on 15 January 1950. He grew up in modest comfort and studied law and history at Damascus University before joining the Syrian army in the late 1970s. During this time, Shawkat married and had five children. Army career After joining the army, Shawkat began working his way up through the ranks, and by 1982 he was an officer in the Defense Companies paramilitary force headed by Rifaat al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hasan Turkmani
Hasan Ali Turkmani ( ar, حسن توركماني; 27 January 1935 – 18 July 2012) was a prominent Syrian military commander and Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party member. He served as the minister of defense in Syria from 2004 to 2009. He and three other top Syrian government officials were killed on 18 July 2012 in Damascus during a bomb attack. Early life and education Hasan Turkmani was born in Aleppo in 1935 into a Syrian Sunni Muslim family of Turkmen origin. He attended different courses and a higher military education, including bachelor in military sciences : * Bachelor in Military Sciences, Infantry Officer, Military Academy of Homs, graduate in 1955, * Mechanized Troop and Battalion Command Course, 1963 * Combined Arms (Infantry and Armour) field command and staff course, 1965 * Higher Field Command and Staff Course, Masters in Military Sciences, 1969 * Higher Staff Course (War College), Doctor of Military Sciences, 1972 Career Turkmani joined the Syrian Arab Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
