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Cascade Connection
In electronics, a two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (i.e. a circuit) or device with two ''pairs'' of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port condition: the current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from the other terminal on the same port.Gray, §3.2, p. 172Jaeger, §10.5 §13.5 §13.8 The ports constitute interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a two-port network, often port 1 is considered the input port and port 2 is considered the output port. It is commonly used in mathematical circuit analysis. Application The two-port network model is used in mathematical circuit analysis techniques to isolate portions of larger circuits. A two-port network is regarded as a "black box" with its properties s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Two Port Circuit
2 (two) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 1 and preceding 3. It is the smallest and the only even prime number. Because it forms the basis of a duality, it has religious and spiritual significance in many cultures. Mathematics The number 2 is the second natural number after 1. Each natural number, including 2, is constructed by succession, that is, by adding 1 to the previous natural number. 2 is the smallest and the only even prime number, and the first Ramanujan prime. It is also the first superior highly composite number, and the first colossally abundant number. An integer is determined to be even if it is divisible by two. When written in base 10, all multiples of 2 will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8; more generally, in any even base, even numbers will end with an even digit. A digon is a polygon with two sides (or edges) and two vertices. Two distinct points in a plane are always sufficient to define a unique line in a non ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reciprocity (electromagnetism)
In classical electromagnetism, reciprocity refers to a variety of related theorems involving the interchange of time-harmonic electric current densities (sources) and the resulting electromagnetic fields in Maxwell's equations for time-invariant linear media under certain constraints. Reciprocity is closely related to the concept of symmetric operators from linear algebra, applied to electromagnetism. Perhaps the most common and general such theorem is Lorentz reciprocity (and its various special cases such as Rayleigh-Carson reciprocity), named after work by Hendrik Lorentz in 1896 following analogous results regarding sound by Lord Rayleigh and light by Helmholtz . Loosely, it states that the relationship between an oscillating current and the resulting electric field is unchanged if one interchanges the points where the current is placed and where the field is measured. For the specific case of an electrical network, it is sometimes phrased as the statement that voltages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dual Impedance
Dual Electrical impedance, impedance and dual network are terms used in Network analysis (electronics), electronic network analysis. The dual of an impedance Z is its reciprocal, or algebraic inverse Z'=\frac. For this reason, the dual impedance is also called the inverse impedance. Another way of stating this is that the dual of Z is the admittance Y'=Z'. The dual of a network is the network whose impedances are the duals of the original impedances. In the case of a black-box network with multiple Port (circuit theory), ports, the impedance looking into each port must be the dual of the impedance of the corresponding port of the dual network. This is consistent with the general notion Duality (electrical circuits), duality of electric circuits, where the voltage and current are interchanged, etc., since Z=\frac yields Z'=\frac __TOC__ Scaled and normalised duals In physical units, the dual is taken with respect to some nominal or characteristic impedance. To do this, Z and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antimetric (electrical Networks)
An antimetric electrical network is an electrical network that exhibits anti-symmetry, symmetrical electrical properties. The term is often encountered in filter theory, but it applies to general electrical network analysis (electrical circuits), network analysis. Antimetric is the diametrical opposite of symmetric; it does not merely mean "asymmetric" (i.e., "lacking symmetry"). It is possible for networks to be symmetric or antimetric in their electrical properties without being physically or topology (electronics), topologically symmetric or antimetric. Definition References to symmetry and antimetry of a network usually refer to the input impedancesinput impedance. The input impedance of a Port (circuit theory), port is the impedance measured across that network port with nothing connected to it externally and all other ports terminated with a defined impedance. of a two-port network when correctly terminated."correctly terminated". This will most usually mean termination w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isolator (microwave)
An isolator is a Two-port network, two-port device that transmits microwave or radio frequency power in one direction only. The non-reciprocity observed in these devices usually comes from the interaction between the propagating wave and the material, which can be different with respect to the direction of propagation. It is used to shield equipment on its input side, from the effects of conditions on its output side; for example, to prevent a microwave source being detuned by a mismatched load. Non-reciprocity An isolator is a non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal device, with a non-Symmetric matrix, symmetric Scattering parameters, scattering matrix. An ideal isolator transmits all the power entering Port (circuit theory), port 1 to port 2, while absorbing all the power entering port 2, so that to within a phase-factor its S-matrix is :S = \begin 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end To achieve non-reciprocity, an isolator must necessarily incorporate a non-reciprocal material. A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circulator
In electrical engineering, a circulator is a passivity (engineering), passive, non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal three- or four-port (circuit theory), port device that only allows a microwave or radio frequency, radio-frequency (RF) signal to exit through the port directly after the one it entered. Optical circulators have similar behavior. Ports are where an external waveguide (electromagnetism), waveguide or transmission line, such as a microstrip line or a coaxial cable, connects to the device. For a three-port circulator, a signal applied to port 1 only comes out of port 2; a signal applied to port 2 only comes out of port 3; a signal applied to port 3 only comes out of port 1. An ideal three-port circulator thus has the following scattering parameters, scattering matrix: :S = \begin 0 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end Theory of operation Microwave circulators rely on the anisotropic and ''non-Reciprocity (electrical networks), reciprocal'' proper ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reciprocity (electrical Networks)
Reciprocity in electrical networks is a property of a circuit that relates voltages and currents at two points. The reciprocity theorem states that the current at one point in a circuit due to a voltage at a second point is the same as the current at the second point due to the same voltage at the first. The reciprocity theorem is valid for almost all Passivity (engineering), passive networks. The reciprocity theorem is a feature of a more general principle of Reciprocity (electromagnetism), reciprocity in electromagnetism. Description If a electric current, current, I_\text , injected into port (circuit theory), port A produces a voltage, V_\text , at port B and I_\text injected into port B produces V_\text at port A, then the network is said to be reciprocal. Equivalently, reciprocity can be defined by the dual situation; applying voltage, V_\text , at port A producing current I_\text at port B and V_\text at port B producing current I_\text at port A. In general, Passi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scattering Parameters
Scattering parameters or S-parameters (the elements of a scattering matrix or S-matrix) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing various steady state stimuli by electrical signals. The parameters are useful for several branches of electrical engineering, including electronics engineering, electronics, communications system, communication systems design, and especially for microwave engineering. The S-parameters are members of a family of similar parameters, other examples being: Y-parameters and Z-parameters, Two port#Hybrid parameters (h-parameters), H-parameters, #Scattering transfer parameters, T-parameters and ABCD-parameters. They differ from these, in the sense that ''S-parameters'' do not use open or short circuit conditions to characterize a linear electrical network; instead, impedance matching, matched loads are used. These electrical termination, terminations are much easier to use at high signal frequencies than open-circuit and s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Energy
Energy () is the physical quantity, quantitative physical property, property that is transferred to a physical body, body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of Work (thermodynamics), work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a Conservation law, conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be Energy transformation, converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a Classical field theory, field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These are not mutual ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Power (physics)
Power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time. In the International System of Units, the unit of power is the watt, equal to one joule per second. Power is a Scalar (physics), scalar quantity. Specifying power in particular systems may require attention to other quantities; for example, the power involved in moving a ground vehicle is the product of the aerodynamic drag plus traction (engineering), traction force on the wheels, and the velocity of the vehicle. The output power of a Engine, motor is the product of the torque that the motor generates and the angular velocity of its output shaft. Likewise, the power dissipated in an electrical element of a electrical circuit, circuit is the product of the electric current, current flowing through the element and of the voltage across the element. Definition Power is the Rate (mathematics), rate with respect to time at which work is done or, more generally, the rate of change of total mechanical energy. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voltage
Voltage, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a Electrostatics, static electric field, it corresponds to the Work (electrical), work needed per unit of Electric charge, charge to move a positive Test particle#Electrostatics, test charge from the first point to the second point. In the SI unit, International System of Units (SI), the SI derived unit, derived unit for voltage is the ''volt'' (''V''). The voltage between points can be caused by the build-up of electric charge (e.g., a capacitor), and from an electromotive force (e.g., electromagnetic induction in a Electric generator, generator). On a macroscopic scale, a potential difference can be caused by electrochemical processes (e.g., cells and batteries), the pressure-induced piezoelectric effect, and the thermoelectric effect. Since it is the difference in electric potential, it is a physical Scalar (physics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
