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Cappadocian Calendar
The Cappadocian calendar was a solar calendar that was derived from the Persian Zoroastrian calendar. It is named after the historic region Cappadocia in present-day Turkey, where it was used. The calendar, which had 12 months of 30 days each and five epagomenal days, originated between 550 and 330 BC, when Cappadocia was part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Cappadocian calendar was identical to the Zoroastrian calendar; this can be seen in its structure, in the Avestan names and in the order of the months. The Cappadocian calendar reflects the Iranian cultural influence in the region. Extant evidence of the calendar dates back to Late Antiquity through the accounts of Greek astronomers, by which time it had already been adapted to the Julian calendar. Context The Cappadocian calendar was evidently devised at a time when Cappadocia, a historical region in present-day Turkey, was a province (satrapy) of the Achaemenid Empire. The calendar is named after the region in which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Map Of The Achaemenid Empire
A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes. Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or fictional, without regard to context or scale, such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping. The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the earth, or even more abstract spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables. Although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the , wherein ''mappa'' meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and ''mundi'' 'the world'. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iranian Studies
Iranian studies ( fa, ايرانشناسی '), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It is a part of the wider field of Oriental studies. Iranian studies is broader than and distinct from Persian studies, which is the study of the modern Persian language and literature specifically. The discipline of Iranian Studies focuses on broad trends in culture, history, language and other aspects of not only Persians, but also a variety of other contemporary and historical Iranian peoples, such as Kurds, Lurs, Gilakis, Talysh, Tajiks, Pashtuns, Ossetians, Baluchis, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Parthians, Sogdians, Bactrians, Khwarazmians, and Mazandaranis. In medieval Iran The medieval Persian poet Ferdowsi, author of the Iranian national epic the ', can be considered the founder of Iranian studies in the sense that in his w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehr (month)
Mehr ( fa, مهر, ) is the seventh month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Mehr has thirty days. It begins in September and ends in October by the Gregorian calendar. Mehr is the first month of autumn, and is followed by Aban. It is named after the Iranian deity Mithra. Events * 21 Mehr - 1154 - Continental Navy established * 29 Mehr - 1184 - Battle of Trafalgar * 8 Mehr - 1282 - Game 1 of the 1903 World Series, the first ever in the modern Major League Baseball era, begins in Boston's Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds. * 17 Mehr - 1290 - Wuchang (Wuhan) Uprising - Xinhai Revolution in China marks the beginning of the end of Qing imperial rule. * 4 Mehr - 1299 - The first regular season games of the future National Football League officially begin. * 12 - 1324 - Establishment of the Indonesian National Armed Forces * 9 - 1328 - Proclamation of the People's Republic of China * 8 - 1344 - 30 September coup attempt in Indonesia. * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shahrivar
Shahrivar ( fa, شهریور, ) is the sixth month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Shahrivar has thirty-one days. It begins in August and ends in September by the Gregorian calendar. The Afghan Persian name is Sonbola; in Pashto it is Waǵay. Shahrivar is the third and final month of summer. It is followed by Mehr. The name of the month comes from the Zoroastrian deity Kshatra Vairya. Events * 26 - 1299 - The American Professional Football Association, later the National Football League, officially begins operations with 14 teams. The league began with Ralph Hay assuming the league's leadership before handing over to Native American athlete Jim Thorpe who became the league's first Commissioner (then President). * 9 - 1302 - Great Kantō earthquake in Japan * 9 - 1318 - Invasion of Poland, beginning of Second World War in Central and Western Europe * 25 -1318 - Soviet invasion of Poland begins * 1 - 1324 - King Michael's Coup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mordad
Mordad ( fa, Mordād, ) is the fifth month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Mordad has thirty-one days, beginning in July and ending in August of the Gregorian calendar. It is the second month of summer after Tir (month), Tir, and is followed by Shahrivar. The Afghan Persian name is Asad; in Pashto it is Zmaray. The name is derived from Ameretat, the Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrian divinity/divine concept of immortality. Events * 13 - 1170 - The United States Revenue Cutter Service, predecessor of current United States Coast Guard, is founded as the US Revenue Marine by then Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton. * 24 - 1324 - the Hirohito surrender broadcast, pre-recorded days before, is aired on NHK radio, formally declaring the end of all combat actions of the army and navy of the Empire of Japan and the acceptance of the terms of unconditional surrender of the country, people and armed forces to the Allies in accordance with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tir (month)
Tir ( fa, تیر, ) is the fourth month of the Solar Hijri calendar, which is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Tir has thirty-one days, spanning parts of June and July in the Gregorian calendar. In Afghan Persian it is called Saraṭān (Cancer). Tir is the first month of summer, and is followed by Amardad. Named after, Tishtrya, a Zoroastrian benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility. Events * 14 - 1155 - The Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence of the United States. * 24 - 1168 - Storming of the Bastille * 11 - 1246 - The British North America Act takes effect, marking the unification of the British Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into one Dominion of Canada. * 2 - 1273 - International Olympic Committee established * 1 - 1320 - World War II - Operation Barbarossa begins (Defense of Brest Fortress) * 3 - 1324 - Moscow Victory Parade of 1945 * 7 - 1360 - Hafte Tir bombing in Tehran * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khordad
Khordad ( fa, خرداد, ) is the third month of the Solar Hijri calendar. Khordad has thirty-one days. It begins in May and ends in June by the Gregorian calendar. Khordad is the third month of the spring season ( Bahar). It is followed by Tir. The Afghan Persian name is Jawzā (). The name is derived from the deity name Haurvatat. Events *2-3 - 1244 - Grand Review of the Armies *16 - 1323 - the Normandy landings of 1944 take place in the beaches of northern Normandy in France. *12 - 1325 - 1946 Italian institutional referendum *16 - 1325 - The National Basketball Association is officially founded with Maurice Podoloff, concurrent president of the American Hockey League, as its founding president. *6 - 1371 - 22 English football teams, which had left the ranks of the English Football League in 1370-71, form an independent Premier League in the UK, becoming the top tier pro football league of English football. The new league's first games are slated for 24 Mordad. *11 - 1380 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ordibehesht
Ordibehesht or Ardibehesht ( fa, اردیبهشت, ) is the second month of the Solar Hijri calendar, which is used officially in Iran and Afghanistan. It has 31 days and spans the months of April and May in the Gregorian calendar. The Afghan Persian name for the month is Saur or Sowr. Its associated astrological sign in the tropical zodiac is Taurus. Ordibehesht is the second month of the spring season (), and is followed by the month of Khordad. Events * 13, S.H. 1265 – Haymarket affair (first police confrontation against workers' groups in Chicago) * 4, S.H. 1294 – Landing at Anzac Cove (part of the Gallipoli campaign of World War I) * 19. S.H. 1299 - Kiev Victory Parade (1920) * 5, S.H. 1324 – National Liberation Committee declares war against the Nazi-backed Italian Social Republic * 18, S.H. 1324 – End of World War II in Europe * 1, S.H. 1346 – Coup d'état in the Kingdom of Greece * 3, S.H. 1353 – Carnation Revolution (in the Portuguese Empire) * 10, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farvardin
Farvardin ( fa, فروردین, ) is the Iranian Persian name for the first month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran, and corresponds with Aries on the Zodiac. Farvardin has thirty-one days. It is the first month of the spring season (''Bahar''), and is followed by Ordibehesht. The Afghan Pashto name for it is Wray. In three out of every four years, Farvardin begins on March 21 and ends on April 20 of the Gregorian calendar. In the remaining years, it begins on March 19 or 22, and ends on April 18 or 21. Its associated astrological sign in the tropical zodiac is Aries. Events * 25 - 1244 - Assassination of Abraham Lincoln * 3 - 1319 - The Lahore Resolution was enacted by prominent Indian Muslim leaders demanding independence of Muslim majority areas of western British India (later to become Pakistan). * 18 - 1275 - The first Summer Olympic Games of the modern era begins in Athens, Greece, coinciding with the 75th anniversary of the Greek War o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashavan
Ashavan (Avestan: 𐬀𐬴𐬀𐬬𐬀𐬥 ''ašavan'') is a Zoroastrian theological term. It literally means "possessing/mastering '' aša''" and has been interpreted as "possessing/mastering truth" or "possessing/mastering righteousness", but has further implications: * It is an epithet of Ahura Mazda ('' Yasht'' 1.12). The term may then be applied to anything within the domain of Ahura Mazda and/or Aša (i.e. all of Creation), and excludes only that which is ''dr''ə''gvant'' "possessing lie" ( YAv: ''drvant''). * With respect to mortals and in an eschatological and sotereological context, ''ašavan'' is also a quality that can be acquired in life. Then, having acquired the qualities of an ''ašavan'', one becomes an ''ašavan'' (through "blessed union with aša") after death. (See also: ''aša'': in eschatology and sotereology). This sotereological meaning of ''ašavan'' is also evident in Xerxes' '' daiva inscription'', an Old Persian text (XPh, early 5th century BCE). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fravashi
Fravashi ( ae, 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬴𐬌, translit=fravaṣ̌i, ) is the Avestan language term for the Zoroastrian concept of a personal spirit of an individual, whether dead, living, or yet-unborn. The ''fravashi'' of an individual sends out the ''urvan'' (often translated as ' soul') into the material world to fight the battle of good versus evil. On the morning of the fourth day after death, the ''urvan'' is imagined to return to its ''fravashi'', where its experiences in the material world are collected to assist the next generation in their fight between good and evil. In the 9/10th-century works of Zoroastrian tradition (Pahlavi books), Avestan ''fravashi'' continues as Middle Persian (and -w- forms, etc), , or . The last days of a year, called (compare Modern Persian: ''farvardin'', first month within the Persian calendar), are dedicated to the . The first month of the year as well as the 19th day of each month are considered under the protection of, and name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Language
Persian (), also known by its endonym Farsi (, ', ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian (officially known as ''Persian''), Dari Persian (officially known as ''Dari'' since 1964) and Tajiki Persian (officially known as ''Tajik'' since 1999).Siddikzoda, S. "Tajik Language: Farsi or not Farsi?" in ''Media Insight Central Asia #27'', August 2002. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
