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Calycidium
''Calycidium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sphaerophoraceae. It has two species. It is one of the few lichen genera containing foliose (leafy) species that produce a mazaedium – a powdery mass of spores. Both species occur in Australasia and South America, where they grow on tree bark or on mosses. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by James Stirton in 1877, with ''Calycidium cuneatum'' as the type species. '' Calycidium polycarpum'' was transferred to the genus (from ''Sphaerophorus'') in 2002. In 1929, Alexander Elenkin created the monotypic family Calycidiaceae to contain this genus. Phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 demonstrated that the Calycidiaceae were closely related to the Sphaerophoraceae. This family was subsumed into the Sphaerophoraceae by Robert Lücking and colleagues in their 2016 classification of lichenized fungi; they reasoned: "there is neither a topological nor a morphological reason to maintain the two families, even if bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calycidium Cuneatum
''Calycidium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sphaerophoraceae. It has two species. It is one of the few lichen genera containing foliose (leafy) species that produce a mazaedium – a powdery mass of spores. Both species occur in Australasia and South America, where they grow on tree bark or on mosses. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by James Stirton in 1877, with ''Calycidium cuneatum'' as the type species. '' Calycidium polycarpum'' was transferred to the genus (from ''Sphaerophorus'') in 2002. In 1929, Alexander Elenkin created the monotypic family Calycidiaceae to contain this genus. Phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 demonstrated that the Calycidiaceae were closely related to the Sphaerophoraceae. This family was subsumed into the Sphaerophoraceae by Robert Lücking and colleagues in their 2016 classification of lichenized fungi; they reasoned: "there is neither a topological nor a morphological reason to maintain the two families, even if b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calycidium Polycarpum
''Calycidium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Sphaerophoraceae. It has two species. It is one of the few lichen genera containing foliose (leafy) species that produce a mazaedium – a powdery mass of spores. Both species occur in Australasia and South America, where they grow on tree bark or on mosses. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by James Stirton in 1877, with ''Calycidium cuneatum'' as the type species. '' Calycidium polycarpum'' was transferred to the genus (from ''Sphaerophorus'') in 2002. In 1929, Alexander Elenkin created the monotypic family Calycidiaceae to contain this genus. Phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 demonstrated that the Calycidiaceae were closely related to the Sphaerophoraceae. This family was subsumed into the Sphaerophoraceae by Robert Lücking and colleagues in their 2016 classification of lichenized fungi; they reasoned: "there is neither a topological nor a morphological reason to maintain the two families, even if b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphaerophoraceae
The Sphaerophoraceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. Species of this family have a widespread distribution, especially in southern temperate regions. Sphaerophoraceae was circumscribed by mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1831. Genera Sphaerophoraceae contains 6 genera and 39 species. Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and the number of species: *'' Austropeltum'' – 1 sp. *'' Bunodophoron'' – 25 spp. *'' Calycidium'' – 2 spp. *'' Leifidium'' – 1 sp. *'' Neophyllis'' – 2 spp. *''Sphaerophorus ''Sphaerophorus'' a genus of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales The Lecanorales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The order contains 26 families, 269 genera, ...'' – 8 spp. References Lecanorales Lichen families Lecanoromycetes families Taxa described in 1831 Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries {{Lecanorales- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthone
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula O[C6H4]2CO. It is a white solid. In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as Insecticide, ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst. Synthesis Xanthone can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate: Six methods have been reported for synthesizing xanthone derivatives: *The Michael-Kostanecki method uses an equimolar mix of a polyphenol and an ''O''-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are heated with a dehydration reaction, dehydrating agent. *The Friedel–Crafts reaction, Friedel-Crafts method has a benzophenone intermediate. *The Robinson-Nishikawa method is a variant of the Hoesch reaction, Hoesch synthesis but with low yields. *The Asahina-Tanase method synthesizes some methoxylated xanthones, and xanthones with a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Lücking
Robert Lücking (born 1964) is a German lichenologist. He is a leading expert on foliicolous lichens–lichens that live on leaves. Life and career Born in Ulm in 1964, Lücking earned both his master's (1990) and PhD degree (1994) at the University of Ulm. Both degrees concerned the taxonomy, ecology, and biodiversity of foliicolous lichens. His graduate supervisor was mycologist and bryologist Sieghard Winkler, who had previously studied epiphyllous (upper leaf-dwelling) fungi in El Salvador and Colombia. In 1996 Lücking was awarded the Mason E. Hale award for an "outstanding doctoral thesis presented by a candidate on a lichenological theme". His thesis was titled ''Foliikole Flechten und ihre Mikrohabitatpraferenzen in einem tropischen Regenwald in Costa Rica'' ("Foliicolous lichens and their microhabitat preferences in a tropical rainforest in Costa Rica"). In this work, Lücking recorded 177 foliicolous lichen species from the shrub layer in a Costa Rican tropical forest. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medulla (lichenology)
The medulla is a horizontal layer within a lichen thallus. It is a loosely arranged layer of interlaced hyphae below the upper cortex and photobiont A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Galloway, D.J. (1992). Flora of Australia - ''Lichen Glossary'' The medulla generally has a cottony appearance. It is the widest layer of a heteromerous lichen thallus. References Fungal morphology and anatomy Lichenology {{lichen-stub ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apothecia
An ascocarp, or ascoma (), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia). Classification The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic taxonomy). It is called ''epigeous'' if it grows above ground, as with the morels, while underground ascocarps, such as truffles, are termed ''hypogeous''. The structure enclosing the hymenium is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character ''is'' important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascospore
An ascus (; ) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi. Each ascus usually contains eight ascospores (or octad), produced by meiosis followed, in most species, by a mitotic cell division. However, asci in some genera or species can occur in numbers of one (e.g. ''Monosporascus cannonballus''), two, four, or multiples of four. In a few cases, the ascospores can bud off conidia that may fill the asci (e.g. ''Tympanis'') with hundreds of conidia, or the ascospores may fragment, e.g. some ''Cordyceps'', also filling the asci with smaller cells. Ascospores are nonmotile, usually single celled, but not infrequently may be coenocytic (lacking a septum), and in some cases coenocytic in multiple planes. Mitotic divisions within the developing spores populate each resulting cell in septate ascospores with nuclei. The term ocular chamber, or oculus, refers to the epiplasm (the portion of cytoplasm not used in ascospore formation) that is surrounded by the "bourrelet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. Instead, they generally mediate ecological interactions, which may produce a selective advantage for the organism by increasing its survivability or fecundity. Specific secondary metabolites are often restricted to a narrow set of species within a phylogenetic group. Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavourings, pigments, and recreational drugs. The term secondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, a 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology in 1910. 30 years later a Polish botanist Friedrich Czapek described secondary metabolit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orcinol
Orcinol is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3(OH)2. It occurs in many species of lichens including ''Roccella tinctoria'' and ''Lecanora''. Orcinol has been detected in the "toxic glue" of the ant species ''Camponotus saundersi''. It is a colorless solid. It is related to resorcinol, 1,3-C6H4(OH)2. Synthesis and reactions Orcinol was first prepared by dehydroacetic acid, a conversion that involved ring-opening of the pyrone to a triketone. This early experiment helped establish the rich condensation chemistry of polyketides. It can be obtained by fusing extract of aloes with potash, followed by acidification. It undergoes O-methylation with dimethylsulfate. It is used in the production of the dye orcein and as a reagent in some chemical tests for pentoses, such as Bial's Test. It may be synthesized from toluene; more interesting is its production when acetone dicarboxylic ester is condensed with the aid of sodium. It crystallizes in colorless prisms with one molecul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Elenkin
Alexander Alexandrovich Elenkin (1873–1942, russian: Еленкин, Александр Александрович) was a Russian lichenologist. He was born in Warsaw and took his degree in botany at the University of Warsaw, graduating in 1893. He became an assistant there in 1898. The next year he became conservator and director of the Cryptogamic Department at the Imperial Botanic Garden of Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i .... In 1931 the Botanic Garden was merged into the Botanical Institute and he became a professor there. He is known as the "father of Russian lichenology" and wrote many works on the subject. He died in Russia, either in Kazan or Saint Petersburg.F.A. Stafleu and R.S. Cowan, 1976-1998, Taxonomic Literature, 2nd edition Ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
