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Calendrical Calculations
''Calendrical Calculations'' is a book on calendar systems and algorithms for computers to convert between them. It was written by computer scientists Nachum Dershowitz and Edward Reingold and published in 1997 by the Cambridge University Press. A second "millennium" edition with a CD-ROM of software was published in 2001, a third edition in 2008, and a fourth "ultimate" edition in 2018. Topics There have been many different calendars in different societies, and there is much difficulty in converting between them, largely because of the impossibility of reconciling the irrational ratios of the daily, monthly, and yearly astronomical cycle lengths using integers. The 14 calendars discussed in the first edition of the book included the Gregorian calendar, ISO week date, Julian calendar, Coptic calendar, Ethiopian calendar, Islamic calendar, modern Iranian calendar, Baháʼí calendar, French Republican calendar, old and modern Hindu calendars, Maya calendar, and modern Chinese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nachum Dershowitz
Nachum Dershowitz is an Israeli computer scientist, known e.g. for the Dershowitz–Manna ordering and the multiset path ordering used to prove termination of term rewrite systems. He obtained his B.Sc. summa cum laude in 1974 in Computer Science–Applied Mathematics from Bar-Ilan University, and his Ph.D. in 1979 in Applied Mathematics from the Weizmann Institute of Science. From 1978, he worked at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, until he became a full professor of the Tel Aviv University (School of Computer Science) in 1998. He was a guest researcher at Weizmann Institute, INRIA, ENS Cachan, Microsoft Research, and the universities of Stanford, Paris, Jerusalem, Chicago, and Beijing. He received the Herbrand Award for Distinguished Contributions to Automatic Reasoning in 2011. He has co-authored the standard text on calendar algorithms, ''Calendrical Calculations'', with Edward Reingold.Review of ''Calendrical Calculat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maya Calendar
The Maya calendar is a system of calendars used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico. The essentials of the Maya calendar are based upon a system which had been in common use throughout the region, dating back to at least the 5th century BC. It shares many aspects with calendars employed by other earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Zapotec and Olmec and contemporary or later ones such as the Mixtec and Aztec calendars. By the Maya mythological tradition, as documented in Colonial Yucatec accounts and reconstructed from Late Classic and Postclassic inscriptions, the deity Itzamna is frequently credited with bringing the knowledge of the calendrical system to the ancestral Maya, along with writing in general and other foundational aspects of Mayan culture. Overview The Maya calendar consists of several cycles or ''counts'' of different lengths. The 260-day count is known to s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ZbMATH
zbMATH Open, formerly Zentralblatt MATH, is a major reviewing service providing reviews and abstracts for articles in pure mathematics, pure and applied mathematics, produced by the Berlin office of FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure GmbH. Editors are the European Mathematical Society, FIZ Karlsruhe, and the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences. zbMATH is distributed by Springer Science+Business Media. It uses the Mathematics Subject Classification codes for organising reviews by topic. History Mathematicians Richard Courant, Otto Neugebauer, and Harald Bohr, together with the publisher Ferdinand Springer, took the initiative for a new mathematical reviewing journal. Harald Bohr worked in Copenhagen. Courant and Neugebauer were professors at the University of Göttingen. At that time, Göttingen was considered one of the central places for mathematical research, having appointed mathematicians like David Hilbert, Hermann Minkowski, Carl Runge, and Felix ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeller's Congruence
Zeller's congruence is an algorithm devised by Christian Zeller in the 19th century to calculate the day of the week for any Julian calendar, Julian or Gregorian calendar date. It can be considered to be based on the conversion between Julian day and the calendar date. Formula For the Gregorian calendar, Zeller's congruence is :h = \left(q + \left\lfloor\frac\right\rfloor + K + \left\lfloor\frac\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor\frac\right\rfloor - 2J\right) \bmod 7, for the Julian calendar it is :h = \left(q + \left\lfloor\frac\right\rfloor + K + \left\lfloor\frac\right\rfloor + 5 - J\right) \bmod 7, where * ''h'' is the day of the week (0 = Saturday, 1 = Sunday, 2 = Monday, ..., 6 = Friday) * ''q'' is the day of the month * ''m'' is the month (3 = March, 4 = April, 5 = May, ..., 14 = February) * ''K'' the year of the century (year \bmod 100). * ''J'' is the zero-based numbering, zero-based century (actually \lfloor year/100 \rfloor) For example, the zero-based centuries for 1995 a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Moon
In astronomy, the new moon is the first lunar phase, when the Moon and Sun have the same ecliptic longitude. At this phase, the lunar disk is not visible to the naked eye, except when it is silhouetted against the Sun during a solar eclipse. The original meaning of the term 'new moon', which is still sometimes used in calendrical, non-astronomical contexts, is the first visible crescent of the Moon after conjunction with the Sun. This thin waxing crescent is briefly and faintly visible as the Moon gets lower in the western sky after sunset. The precise time and even the date of the appearance of the new moon by this definition will be influenced by the geographical location of the observer. The first crescent marks the beginning of the month in the Islamic calendar and in some lunisolar calendars such as the Hebrew calendar. In the Chinese calendar, the beginning of the month is marked by the last visible crescent of a waning Moon. The astronomical new moon occurs by defini ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Karl Ginzel
Friedrich Karl Ginzel (26 February 1850 – 29 June 1926) was an Austrian astronomer. From 1877 Ginzel worked at the observatory in Vienna. In 1886, he became a member of the Königlichen Astronomischen Recheninstituts in Berlin, where he was offered a professorship in 1899. In 1899 he published an important study on Solar eclipse , solar and Lunar eclipse , lunar eclipses in classical antiquity. His three-volume ''Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie'' (1906–14; reprinted in 1958 and 2007) is still a standard work on calendars and ancient chronology although some sections are now outdated. He was awarded the Valz Prize by the French Academy of Sciences in 1884 for his work on solar eclipses. The lunar crater Ginzel (crater), Ginzel was named after him. References External links * 1850 births 1926 deaths 19th-century Austrian astronomers Scientists from Liberec Austrian people of German Bohemian descent 20th-century Austrian astronomers {{E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert Poole (historian)
Robert Poole (born 1957) is a UK-based historian, currently professor of history at the University of Central Lancashire, Preston. He gained his PhD from the University of Lancaster in 1986, where he was associated with Prof Harold Perkin's Centre for Social History, organising the 1996 conference of the Social History Society on 'Time and the Construction of the Past'. He has also held positions at the universities of Keele, Edge Hill and Cumbria. He has also been Leverhulme Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Manchester (2000-1), an associate of the Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Manchester (2010–17), an associate of 'The Future in the Stars' research programme, Friedrich-Meinecke Institut, Freie Universität Berlin (2012–16), and visiting senior research fellow to the History Group, University of Hertfordshire (2013–15). Earthrise and the space age Poole's book ''Earthrise: How Man First Saw the Earth'' (Yale ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Noel Swerdlow
Noel Mark Swerdlow (9 September 1941 – 24 July 2021) was a professor emeritus of history, astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago. He was a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology. Career Swerdlow specialized in the history of exact sciences, astronomy in particular, from antiquity through the 17th century. He earned his Ph.D. at Yale University in 1968; his doctoral dissertation, ''Ptolemy's Theory of the Distances and Sizes of the Planets: A Study of The Scientific Foundations of Medieval Cosmology'', was supervised by Asger Aaboe. Publications The Derivation and First Draft of Copernicus's Planetary Theory: A Translation of the Commentariolus with Commentary by Noel M. Swerdlow ithe Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Vol. 117, No. 6 Symposium on Copernicus (Dec. 31, 1973), pp. 423–512 (90 pages) In 1984, Swerdlow, with co-author Otto E. Neugebauer, published ''Mathematical Astronomy in Copernicus’ De Revoluti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victor J
The name Victor or Viktor may refer to: * Victor (name), including a list of people with the given name, mononym, or surname Arts and entertainment Film * Victor (1951 film), ''Victor'' (1951 film), a French drama film * Victor (1993 film), ''Victor'' (1993 film), a French short film * Victor (2008 film), ''Victor'' (2008 film), a 2008 TV film about Canadian swimmer Victor Davis * Victor (2009 film), ''Victor'' (2009 film), a French comedy * ''Victor'', a 2017 film about Victor Torres by Brandon Dickerson * Viktor (film), ''Viktor'' (film), a 2014 Franco/Russian film Music * Victor (album), ''Victor'' (album), a 1996 album by Alex Lifeson * "Victor", a song from the 1979 album ''Eat to the Beat'' by Blondie Businesses * Victor Talking Machine Company, early 20th century American recording company, forerunner of RCA Records * Victor Company of Japan, usually known as JVC, a Japanese electronics corporation originally a subsidiary of the Victor Talking Machine Company ** V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Lisp
Common Lisp (CL) is a dialect of the Lisp programming language, published in ANSI standard document ''ANSI INCITS 226-1994 (S20018)'' (formerly ''X3.226-1994 (R1999)''). The Common Lisp HyperSpec, a hyperlinked HTML version, has been derived from the ANSI Common Lisp standard. The Common Lisp language was developed as a standardized and improved successor of Maclisp. By the early 1980s several groups were already at work on diverse successors to MacLisp: Lisp Machine Lisp (aka ZetaLisp), Spice Lisp, NIL and S-1 Lisp. Common Lisp sought to unify, standardise, and extend the features of these MacLisp dialects. Common Lisp is not an implementation, but rather a language specification. Several implementations of the Common Lisp standard are available, including free and open-source software and proprietary products. Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language. It supports a combination of procedural, functional, and object-oriented programming paradigms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GNU Emacs
GNU Emacs is a free software text editor. It was created by GNU Project founder Richard Stallman, based on the Emacs editor developed for Unix operating systems. GNU Emacs has been a central component of the GNU project and a flagship project of the free software movement. Its name has occasionally been shortened to GNUMACS. The tag line for GNU Emacs is "the extensible self-documenting text editor". History In 1976, Stallman wrote the first Emacs (“Editor MACroS”), and in 1984, began work on GNU Emacs, to produce a free software alternative to the proprietary Gosling Emacs. GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's replacement of its Mocklisp interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its code be rewritten. This became the first program released by the nascent GNU Project. GNU Emacs is written in C and provides Emacs Lisp, also implemented in C, as an extension language. Version 13, the first public release, was made on Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emacs Lisp
Emacs Lisp is a dialect of the Lisp programming language used as a scripting language by Emacs (a text editor family most commonly associated with GNU Emacs and XEmacs). It is used for implementing most of the editing functionality built into Emacs, the remainder being written in C, as is the Lisp interpreter. Emacs Lisp is also termed Elisp, although there is also an older, unrelated Lisp dialect with that name. Users of Emacs commonly write Emacs Lisp code to customize and extend Emacs. Other options include the ''Customize'' feature that's been in GNU Emacs since version 20. Itself written in Emacs Lisp, Customize provides a set of preferences pages allowing the user to set options and preview their effect in the running Emacs session. When the user saves their changes, Customize simply writes the necessary Emacs Lisp code to the user's config file, which can be set to a special file that only Customize uses, to avoid the possibility of altering the user's own file. Emacs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
