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CAMK
CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin. When activated, the enzymes transfer phosphates from Adenosine triphosphate, ATP to defined serine or threonine residues in other proteins, so they are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Activated CAMK is involved in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and therefore, in the regulation of expression of responding genes. CAMK also works to regulate the cell life cycle (i.e. programmed cell death), rearrangement of the cell's cytoskeletal network, and mechanisms involved in the learning and memory of an organism. Types There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases. ;Substrate-specific CAM Kinases: only have one target that they can phosphorylate, such as myosin light chain kinases. This group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMK I Structure
CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes. CAMKs are activated by increases in the concentration of intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin. When activated, the enzymes transfer phosphates from Adenosine triphosphate, ATP to defined serine or threonine residues in other proteins, so they are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Activated CAMK is involved in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and therefore, in the regulation of expression of responding genes. CAMK also works to regulate the cell life cycle (i.e. programmed cell death), rearrangement of the cell's cytoskeletal network, and mechanisms involved in the learning and memory of an organism. Types There are 2 common types of CAM Kinase proteins: specialized and multi-functional CAM kinases. ;Substrate-specific CAM Kinases: only have one target that they can phosphorylate, such as myosin light chain kinases. This group ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIα
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha (CAMKIIα), protein kinase , is one subunit of CamKII, a protein kinase (i.e., an enzyme which phosphorylates proteins) that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2A'' gene. Function The product of the CAMK2A gene is an enzyme that belongs to the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family, as well as the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subfamily. Ca2+ signaling is crucial for several aspects of synaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. This enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The alpha chain encoded by this gene is required for hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial learning. In addition to its calcium-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent activity, this protein can undergo autophosphorylation, resulting in CaM-independent activity. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. According to a 2018 study by Bru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKK2
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMKK2'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family, and to the Ca++/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. This protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade by phosphorylating the downstream kinases CaMK1 and CaMK4, which increases their catalytic activity. CaMK1 and CaMK4 are phosphorylated at the Thr 177 and Thr 196 resides respectively. CaMKK2 regulates production of the appetite stimulating hormone neuropeptide Y and functions as an AMPK kinase in the hypothalamus. It also has an important role in the development of hyperalgesia and tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs, through reduction in downstream signalling pathways and mu opioid receptor downregulation. Inhibition of CaMKK2 in mice reduces appetite and promotes weight loss. CaMKK2 has several functions in different b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKK1
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMKK1'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK) subfamily. This protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade. Three transcript variants encoding two distinct isoforms A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some iso ... have been identified for this gene. References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-17-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIV
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK4'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human prote ... cluster, and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK) group. This enzyme is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with limited tissue distribution, that has been implicated in transcriptional regulation in lymphocytes, neurons, and male germ cells. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * EC 2.7.11 {{gene-5-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIγ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II gamma chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2G'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family, and to the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a gamma chain. Six alternatively spliced variants that encode six different isoforms have been characterized to date. Additional alternative splice variants that encode different isoforms have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. Interactions CAMK2G has been shown to interact with RRAD. See also * Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase CAMK, also written as CaMK or CCaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKII
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II or CaMKII) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is regulated by the / calmodulin complex. CaMKII is involved in many signaling cascades and is thought to be an important mediator of learning and memory. CaMKII is also necessary for homeostasis and reuptake in cardiomyocytes, chloride transport in epithelia, positive T-cell selection, and CD8 T-cell activation. Misregulation of CaMKII is linked to Alzheimer's disease, Angelman syndrome, and heart arrhythmia. Types There are two types of CaM kinase: * Specialized CaM kinases, such as the myosin light chain kinase that phosphorylates myosin, causing smooth muscles to contract * Multifunctional CaM kinases, also collectively called ''CaM kinase II'', which play a role in neurotransmitter secretion, transcription factor regulation, and glycogen metabolism. Structure, function, and autoregulation CaMKII accounts for 1–2% of all proteins in the brain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIβ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II beta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2B'' gene. Function The enzyme belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signalling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a beta chain. It is possible that distinct isoforms of this chain have different cellular localizations and interact differently with calmodulin. Eight transcript variants encoding eight distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Interactions CAMK2B has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIδ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ID is a protein in humans that is encoded by the CAMK1D gene on chromosome 10 (locus 10p13). Function This gene encodes a member of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1 subfamily of serine/threonine kinases. The encoded protein may be involved in the regulation of granulocyte function through the chemokine Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In additio ... signal transduction pathway. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms of this gene have been described. External links * * References Genes on human chromosome 10 {{gene-10-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKIIδ
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II delta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK2D'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family and to the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. Calcium signaling is crucial for several aspects of plasticity at glutamatergic synapses. In mammalian cells, the enzyme is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The product of this gene is a delta chain. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode three different isoforms A protein isoform, or "protein variant", is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences. While many perform the same or similar biological roles, some isof ... have been characterized to date. Distinct isoforms of this chain have different expression patterns. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMKI
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK1'' gene. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I is expressed in many tissues and is a component of a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Calcium/calmodulin directly activates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I by binding to the enzyme and indirectly promotes the phosphorylation In chemistry, phosphorylation is the attachment of a phosphate group to a molecule or an ion. This process and its inverse, dephosphorylation, are common in biology and could be driven by natural selection. Text was copied from this source, wh ... and synergistic activation of the enzyme by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I kinase. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * EC 2.7.11 {{gene-3-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CAMK1
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CAMK1'' gene. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I is gene expression, expressed in many tissue (biology), tissues and is a component of a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade. Calcium/calmodulin directly activates calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I by binding to the enzyme and indirectly promotes the phosphorylation and synergistic activation of the enzyme by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I kinase. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * EC 2.7.11 {{gene-3-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
