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COP9 Signalosome
COP9 (Constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome (CSN) is a protein complex with isopeptidase activity. It catalyses the hydrolysis of NEDD8 protein from the cullin subunit of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL). Therefore, it is responsible for CRL deneddylation – at the same time, it is able to bind denedyllated cullin-RING complex and retain them in deactivated form. COP9 signalosome thus serves as a sole deactivator of CRLs. The complex was originally identified in plants, and subsequently found in all eukaryotic organisms including human. Human COP9 signalosome (total size ~350 kDa) consists of 8 subunits - CSN1, CSN2, CSN3, CSN4, CSN5, CSN6, CSN7 (COPS7A COP9 signalosome complex subunit 7a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS7A'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''gene ..., COPS7B), CSN8. All are essential for full function of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COP9 Signalosome Structure
The 2003 United Nations Climate Change Conference took place between 1–12 December 2003 in Milan, Italy. The conference included the 9th Conference of the Parties (COP9) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties agreed to use the Adaptation Fund established at COP7 in 2001 primarily in supporting developing countries better adapt to climate change. The fund would also be used for capacity-building through technology transfer. At the conference, the parties also agreed to review the first national reports submitted by 110 non-Annex I countries. References 21st-century diplomatic conferences (UN) Diplomatic conferences in Italy 2003 2003 File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ... 2003 in international relations 2003 in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS5
COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5 (Arabidopsis), also known as COPS5 or Csn5, is a gene conserved from humans to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Function The protein encoded by this gene is one of the eight subunits of COP9 signalosome, a highly conserved protein complex that functions as an important regulator in multiple signaling pathways. The structure and function of COP9 signalosome is similar to that of the 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome has been shown to interact with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and act as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases. This protein is reported to be involved in the degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1B/p27Kip1. It is also known to be a coactivator that increases the specificity of JUN/AP1 transcription factors. Interactions COP9 constitutive photomorphogenic homolog subunit 5 has been shown to interact with Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, GFER, BCL3, Ubiquitin carb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteases
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes (increases reaction rate or "speeds up") proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products. They do this by cleaving the peptide bonds within proteins by hydrolysis, a reaction where water breaks bonds. Proteases are involved in many biological functions, including digestion of ingested proteins, protein catabolism (breakdown of old proteins), and cell signaling. In the absence of functional accelerants, proteolysis would be very slow, taking hundreds of years. Proteases can be found in all forms of life and viruses. They have independently evolved multiple times, and different classes of protease can perform the same reaction by completely different catalytic mechanisms. Hierarchy of proteases Based on catalytic residue Proteases can be classified into seven broad groups: * Serine proteases - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS8
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS8'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba .... The protein encoded by this gene is the smallest of the eight subunits of COP9 signalosome, a highly conserved protein complex that functions as an important regulator in multiple signaling pathways. The structure and function of COP9 signalosome is related to that of the 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome has been shown to interact with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and act as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed. References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-2-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS7B
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 7b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS7B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba .... References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-2-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS7A
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 7a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS7A'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba .... References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS6
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS6'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is one of the eight subunits of COP9 signalosome, a highly conserved protein complex that functions as an important regulator in multiple signaling pathways. The structure and function of COP9 signalosome is similar to that of the 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome has been shown to interact with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and act as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases. This protein belongs to translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) superfamily. It is involved in the regulation of cell cycle and likely to be a cellular cofactor for HIV-1 accessory gene product Vpr. Interactions COPS6 has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS4
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS4'' gene. This gene encodes one of eight subunits composing COP9 signalosome COP9 (Constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome (CSN) is a protein complex with isopeptidase activity. It catalyses the hydrolysis of NEDD8 protein from the cullin subunit of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL). Therefore, it is responsible f ..., a highly conserved protein complex that functions as an important regulator in multiple signaling pathways. The structure and function of COP9 signalosome is similar to that of the 19S regulatory particle of 26S proteasome. COP9 signalosome has been shown to interact with SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases and act as a positive regulator of E3 ubiquitin ligases. References External links * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-4-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Complex
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains. Protein complexes are distinct from multienzyme complexes, in which multiple catalytic domains are found in a single polypeptide chain. Protein complexes are a form of quaternary structure. Proteins in a protein complex are linked by non-covalent protein–protein interactions. These complexes are a cornerstone of many (if not most) biological processes. The cell is seen to be composed of modular supramolecular complexes, each of which performs an independent, discrete biological function. Through proximity, the speed and selectivity of binding interactions between enzymatic complex and substrates can be vastly improved, leading to higher cellular efficiency. Many of the techniques used to enter cells and isolate proteins are inherently disruptive to such large complexes, complicating the task of determining the components of a complex. Examples of protein complexes include the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COP9 Signalosome Complex Subunit 3
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS3'' gene. It encodes a subunit of the COP9 signalosome COP9 (Constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome (CSN) is a protein complex with isopeptidase activity. It catalyses the hydrolysis of NEDD8 protein from the cullin subunit of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRL). Therefore, it is responsible f .... The protein encoded by this gene possesses kinase activity that phosphorylates regulators involved in signal transduction. It phosphorylates I-kappa-B-alpha, p105, and c-Jun. It acts as a docking site for complex-mediated phosphorylation. The gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. See also * Signalosome References External links * * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-17-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
COPS2
COP9 signalosome complex subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COPS2'' gene. It encodes a subunit of the COP9 signalosome. Interactions COPS2 has been shown to interact with: * DAX1, * IRF8, * NIF3L1, and * THRA Thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TR-alpha) also known as nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group A, member 1 (NR1A1), is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the ''THRA'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a nucle .... References External links * * Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-15-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
