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CII 10070
The CII 10070 is a discontinued computer system from the French company CII. It was part of the first series of computers manufactured in the late 1960s under Plan Calcul. The 10070 is a rebadged Scientific Data Systems (SDS) Sigma 7. In addition to the Sigma software, a new operating system was developed by teams from INRIA. The 10070 is optimized for scientific calculation. It has 32-bit words, byte addressing, and 16 index registers. It can handle both batch processing, and time-sharing. It also has as a standard feature, similar to virtual memory except that it is only intended for instant memory-to-memory remapping for performance reasons, with no support for managing swapping to disk. This is managed by the time-sharing monitor. The 10070 served as the basis for the design of the Iris 50 and Iris 80 series, which were entirely manufactured by CII. Software Operating systems The CII 10070 runs several SDS and locally developed operating systems: *BPM (Batch Processin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plan Calcul
Plan Calcul was a French governmental program to promote a national or European computer industry and associated research and education activities. The plan was approved in July 1966 by President Charles de Gaulle, in the aftermath of two key events that made his government worry about French dependence on the US computer industry. In the mid-1960s, the United States denied export licenses for American-made IBM and CDC computers to the French Commissariat à l'énergie atomique in order to prevent it from perfecting its H bomb. Meanwhile, in 1964, General Electric had acquired a majority of Compagnie des Machines Bull, the largest French computer manufacturer, which had the second highest market share in France, after IBM, and was a leading IT equipment maker in Europe. Following this partial takeover, known as "Affaire Bull", GE-Bull dropped two Bull computers from its product line. Responsibility for administering the plan was given to a newly created government agency, (Inform ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operating Systems
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer programs. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers. The dominant general-purpose personal computer operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 74.99%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (14.84%), and th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mainframe Computers
A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers. Most large-scale computer-system architectures were established in the 1960s, but they continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as servers. The term ''mainframe'' was derived from the large cabinet, called a ''main frame'', that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later, the term ''mainframe'' was used to distinguish high-end commercial computers from less powerful machines. Design Modern mainframe design is characterized less b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mistral (software)
Mistral is an information retrieval system designed and produced by the French company CII in the 1970s, which quickly became known internationally. History Mistral was created in 1970 to meet the needs of CNEXO (now IFREMER). This version was still rudimentary and was designed for a time when disk space was very expensive, and therefore used magnetic tapes and only sequential processing was allowed. Subsequently, CII considered Mistral a flagship product for the Iris 80 and Iris 50 systems and maintained a strong development team. It was able to produce a series of versions which brought significant improvements, for example: * Transition from tape to magnetic disk * Thesaurus introduction, * Indexing of free-form text fields, * Interactive mode, first in transaction mode then in time-sharing. In 1978, Mistral was chosen for the creation of a "national server center" (), . After 1977, Mistral was ported to Honeywell GCOS7 and GCOS8. Paradoxically, this success led to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assembler (computing)
In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language, or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction (1:1), but constants, comments, assembler directives, symbolic labels of, e.g., memory locations, registers, and macros are generally also supported. The first assembly code in which a language is used to represent machine code instructions is found in Kathleen and Andrew Donald Booth's 1947 work, ''Coding for A.R.C.''. Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an '' assembler''. The term "assembler" is generally attributed to Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill in their 1951 book ''The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assembly Language
In computer programming, assembly language (or assembler language, or symbolic machine code), often referred to simply as Assembly and commonly abbreviated as ASM or asm, is any low-level programming language with a very strong correspondence between the instructions in the language and the architecture's machine code instructions. Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction (1:1), but constants, comments, assembler directives, symbolic labels of, e.g., memory locations, registers, and macros are generally also supported. The first assembly code in which a language is used to represent machine code instructions is found in Kathleen and Andrew Donald Booth's 1947 work, ''Coding for A.R.C.''. Assembly code is converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an ''assembler''. The term "assembler" is generally attributed to Wilkes, Wheeler and Gill in their 1951 book ''The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siris 8
Siris 8 is a discontinued operating system developed by the French company CII for its Iris 80 and Mitra 15 computers. It was later replaced by Honeywell DPS 7. Jean Ichbiah worked at CII on the rewrite of the Siris 7 operating system of the Iris 80 to create a more successful version, used to operate a three processor Iris 80 in Évry. The first version of Siris 8 offered full compatibility with applications running on its predecessor Siris 7.Siris 8 sur Feb Patrimoine, site de la Fédération des équipes de Bull Among its strong points were its excellent memory management, which took advantage of the extended virtual addresses [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time Sharing
In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users at the same time by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking.DEC Timesharing (1965), by Peter Clark, The DEC Professional, Volume 1, Number 1 Its emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing. By allowing many users to interact concurrently with a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing capability, made it possible for individuals and organizations to use a computer without owning one, and promoted the interactive use of computers and the development of new interactive applications. History Batch processing The earliest computers were extremely expensive devices, and very slow in comparison to later models. Machines were typically dedicated to a particular set of tasks and operated by control panels, the operator manually entering small programs via switches in order ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iris 80
Iris most often refers to: *Iris (anatomy), part of the eye *Iris (mythology), a Greek goddess * ''Iris'' (plant), a genus of flowering plants * Iris (color), an ambiguous color term Iris or IRIS may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional entities * Iris (''American Horror Story''), an ''American Horror Story: Hotel'' character * Iris (''Fire Force''), a character in the manga series ''Fire Force'' * Iris (''Mega Man''), a ''Mega Man X4'' character ** Iris, a ''Mega Man Battle Network'' character * Iris (''Pokémon'') ** Iris (''Pokémon'' anime) * Iris, a '' Trolls: The Beat Goes On!'' character * Sorceress Iris, a ''Magicians of Xanth'' character * Iris, a kaiju character in '' Gamera 3: The Revenge of Iris'' * Iris, a ''LoliRock'' character * Iris, a '' Lufia II: Rise of the Sinistrals'' (1995) character * Iris, a '' Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Trials and Tribulations'' character * Iris, a ''Ruby Gloom'' character * Iris, a ''Taxi Driver'' (1976) character * Iris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scientific Data Systems
Scientific Data Systems (SDS), was an American computer company founded in September 1961 by Max Palevsky and Robert Beck, veterans of Packard Bell Corporation and Bendix, along with eleven other computer scientists. SDS was an early adopter of integrated circuits in computer design and the first to employ silicon transistors. The company concentrated on larger scientific workload focused machines and sold many machines to NASA during the Space Race. Most machines were both fast and relatively low priced. The company was sold to Xerox in 1969, but dwindling sales due to the oil crisis of 1973–74 caused Xerox to close the division in 1975 at a loss of hundreds of millions of dollars. During the Xerox years the company was officially Xerox Data Systems (XDS), whose machines were the Xerox 500 series. History Early machines Throughout the majority of the 1960s the US computer market was dominated by "Snow White", IBM, and the "Seven Dwarves", Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, Control Da ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iris 50
The Iris 50 computer is one of the computers marketed by the French company CII as part of plan Calcul at the end of the 1960s. Designed for the civilian market, it was produced from 1968 to 1975 and was the successor to the CII 10070 (SDS Sigma 7). Its main competitor in Europe was the IBM 360/50, which, like the Iris 50, was a universal 32 bits mainframe suitable for both business and scientific applications. At the same time that the CII was building the Iris 50, it had to study military variants for the army called P0M, P2M, and P2MS. The Iris 35 M version, used in particular to process the information needed to fire the Pluton missile, had a magnetic core memory made up of elements of 16 kilobytes each; tolerant of severe environmental conditions. Its main peripherals were a printer, a monitor, and modems. CII concluded that it was impossible to create another CPU compatible with Iris 50. It then decided to adopt the Sigma 9 architecture, inspired by the Sigma 7 and marke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Time-sharing
In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users at the same time by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking.DEC Timesharing (1965), by Peter Clark, The DEC Professional, Volume 1, Number 1 Its emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing. By allowing many users to interact concurrently with a single computer, time-sharing dramatically lowered the cost of providing computing capability, made it possible for individuals and organizations to use a computer without owning one, and promoted the interactive use of computers and the development of new interactive applications. History Batch processing The earliest computers were extremely expensive devices, and very slow in comparison to later models. Machines were typically dedicated to a particular set of tasks and operated by control panels, the operator manually entering small programs via switches in order ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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