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CD49c
Integrin alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ITGA3'' gene. ITGA3 is an integrin alpha subunit. Together with beta-1 subunit, it makes up half of the α3β1 integrin duplex that plays a role in neural migration and corticogenesis, acted upon by such factors as netrin-1 and reelin. ITGA3 encodes the integrin alpha 3 chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Alpha chain 3 undergoes post-translational cleavage in the extracellular domain to yield disulfide-linked light and heavy chains that join with beta 1 to form an integrin that interacts with many extracellular matrix proteins. Alternative names The alpha 3 beta 1 integrin is known variously as: very late (activation) antigen 3 ('VLA-3'), very common antigen 2 ('VCA-2'), extracellular matrix receptor 1 ('ECMR1'), and galactoprotein b3 ('GAPB3'). Interactions CD49c has been shown to interact with: * CD9 * FHL2, * LGALS8, and * TSPAN4 T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integrin
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, and movement of new receptors to the cell membrane. The presence of integrins allows rapid and flexible responses to events at the cell surface (''e.g''. signal platelets to initiate an interaction with coagulation factors). Several types of integrins exist, and one cell generally has multiple different types on its surface. Integrins are found in all animals while integrin-like receptors are found in plant cells. Integrins work alongside other proteins such as cadherins, the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, selectins and syndecans, to mediate cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction. Ligands for integrins include fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen and laminin. Stru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD29
Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), also known as CD29, is a cell surface receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''ITGB1'' gene. This integrin associates with integrin alpha 1 and integrin alpha 2 to form integrin complexes which function as collagen receptors. It also forms dimers with integrin alpha 3 to form integrin receptors for netrin 1 and reelin. These and other integrin beta 1 complexes have been historically known as very late activation (VLA) antigens. Integrin beta 1 is expressed as at least four different isoforms. In cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, the integrin beta-1D isoform is specifically expressed, and localizes to costameres, where it aids in the lateral force transmission from the Z-discs to the extracellular matrix. Abnormal levels of integrin beta-1D have been found in limb girdle muscular dystrophy and polyneuropathy. Structure Integrin beta-1 can exist as different isoforms via alternative splicing. Six alternatively spliced variants have been found f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FHL2
Four and a half LIM domains protein 2 also known as FHL-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FHL2'' gene. LIM proteins contain a highly conserved double zinc finger motif called the LIM domain. Function FHL-2 is thought to have a role in the assembly of extracellular membranes and may function as a link between presenilin-2 and an intracellular signaling pathway. Family The Four-and-a-half LIM (FHL)-only protein subfamily is one of the members of the LIM-only protein family. Protein members within the group might be originated from a common ancestor and share a high degree of similarity in their amino acid sequence. These proteins are defined by the presence of the four and a half cysteine-rich LIM homeodomain with the half-domain always located in the N-terminal. The name LIM was derived from the first letter of the transcription factors LIN-11, ISL-1 and MEC-3, from which the domain was originally characterized. No direct interactions between LIM domain and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LGALS8
Galectin-8 is a protein of the galectin family that in humans is encoded by the ''LGALS8'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the galectin family. Galectins are beta-galactoside-binding animal lectins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. The galectins have been implicated in many essential functions including development, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interaction, growth regulation, apoptosis, and RNA splicing. This gene is widely expressed in tumoral tissues and seems to be involved in integrin-like cell interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. Galectin-8, interacts with the mTOR regulatory system composed of SLC38A9, Ragulator, RagAB, RagCD. Galectin-8 controls mTOR causing its inactivation and dissociation from damaged lysosomes, hence transducing the breach of the lysosomal membrane to mTOR. The physiological consequences of mTOR inhibition following lysosomal memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TSPAN4
Tetraspanin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TSPAN4'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility. This encoded protein is a cell surface glycoprotein and is similar in sequence to its family member CD53 antigen. It is known to complex with integrins and other transmembrane 4 superfamily proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. Interactions TSPAN4 has been shown to interact with CD9, ITGA6, CD29 Integrin beta-1 (ITGB1), also known as CD29, is a cell surface receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''ITGB1'' gene. This integrin associates with integrin alpha 1 and integrin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integrins
Integrins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion. Upon ligand binding, integrins activate signal transduction pathways that mediate cellular signals such as regulation of the cell cycle, organization of the intracellular cytoskeleton, and movement of new receptors to the cell membrane. The presence of integrins allows rapid and flexible responses to events at the cell surface (''e.g''. signal platelets to initiate an interaction with coagulation factors). Several types of integrins exist, and one cell generally has multiple different types on its surface. Integrins are found in all animals while integrin-like receptors are found in plant cells. Integrins work alongside other proteins such as cadherins, the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules, selectins and syndecans, to mediate cell–cell and cell–matrix interaction. Ligands for integrins include fibronectin, vitronectin, collagen and laminin. Structur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity and the molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protein-coding genes and noncoding genes. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA. The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes. Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corticogenesis
Corticogenesis is the process during which the cerebral cortex of the brain is formed as part of the development of the nervous system of mammals including development of the nervous system in humans, its development in humans. The cortex is the outer layer of the brain and is composed of up to Cerebral cortex#Layers of neocortex, six layers. Neurons formed in the ventricular zone migrate to their final locations in one of the six layers of the cortex. The process occurs from embryonic day 10 to 17 in mice and between gestational weeks seven to 18 in humans. The cortex is the outermost layer of the brain and consists primarily of Grey matter, gray matter, or neuronal cell bodies. Interior areas of the brain consist of Myelin, myelinated Axon, axons and appear as white matter. Cortical plates Preplate The preplate is the first stage in corticogenesis prior to the development of the cortical plate. The preplate is located between the pia mater and the ventricular zone. According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NTN1
Netrin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NTN1'' gene. Netrin is included in a family of laminin-related secreted proteins. The function of this gene has not yet been defined; however, netrin is thought to be involved in axon guidance and cell migration during development. Mutations and loss of expression of netrin suggest that variation in netrin may be involved in cancer development. Interactions NTN1 has been shown to interact with Deleted in Colorectal Cancer Netrin receptor DCC, also known as DCC, or colorectal cancer suppressor is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''DCC'' gene. DCC has long been implicated in colorectal cancer and its previous name was ''Deleted in colorectal carcinoma''. .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Varadarajan, Supraja G., et al. "Netrin1 produced by neural progenitors, not floor plate cells, is required for axon guidance in the spinal cord." Neuron 94.4 (2017): 790-799. https://doi.or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reelin
Reelin, encoded by the ''RELN'' gene, is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–cell interactions. Besides this important role in early development, reelin continues to work in the adult brain. It modulates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation. It also stimulates dendrite and dendritic spine development and regulates the continuing migration of neuroblasts generated in adult neurogenesis sites like the subventricular and subgranular zones. It is found not only in the brain but also in the liver, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, Fallopian tube, breast and in comparatively lower levels across a range of anatomical regions. Reelin has been suggested to be implicated in pathogenesis of several brain diseases. The expression of the protein has been found to be significantly lower in schizophrenia and psycho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein Dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound. Many macromolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, form dimers. The word ''dimer'' has roots meaning "two parts", '' di-'' + '' -mer''. A protein dimer is a type of protein quaternary structure. A protein homodimer is formed by two identical proteins. A protein heterodimer is formed by two different proteins. Most protein dimers in biochemistry are not connected by covalent bonds. An example of a non-covalent heterodimer is the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is composed of two different amino acid chains. An exception is dimers that are linked by disulfide bridges such as the homodimeric protein NEMO. Some proteins contain specialized domains to ensure dimerization (dimerization domains) and specificity. The G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors have the ability to form both homo- and heterodimers with several ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
