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CD1
CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are related to the class I MHC molecules, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. However their precise function is unknown. Types CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups which differ in their lipid anchoring. * CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation. * CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells. CD1e is an intermediate form, expressed intracellularly, the role of which is currently unclear. In humans Group 1 Group 1 CD1 molecules have been shown to present foreign lipid antigens, and specifically a number of mycobacterial cell wall components, to CD1-specific T cells. Group 2 The natural antigens of group 2 CD1 are not well characterized, but a synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide, originally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group 1 CD1
CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are related to the class I MHC molecules, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. However their precise function is unknown. Types CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups which differ in their lipid anchoring. * CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation. * CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells. CD1e is an intermediate form, expressed intracellularly, the role of which is currently unclear. In humans Group 1 Group 1 CD1 molecules have been shown to present foreign lipid antigens, and specifically a number of mycobacterial cell wall components, to CD1-specific T cells. Group 2 The natural antigens of group 2 CD1 are not well characterized, but a synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide, originally iso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group 1 CD1
CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are related to the class I MHC molecules, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. However their precise function is unknown. Types CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups which differ in their lipid anchoring. * CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation. * CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells. CD1e is an intermediate form, expressed intracellularly, the role of which is currently unclear. In humans Group 1 Group 1 CD1 molecules have been shown to present foreign lipid antigens, and specifically a number of mycobacterial cell wall components, to CD1-specific T cells. Group 2 The natural antigens of group 2 CD1 are not well characterized, but a synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide, originally iso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD1b
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD1B gene. CD1b belongs to group 1 of CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins. CD1 molecules are expressed on the surface of numerous different human antigen presenting cells ( DCs, monocytes and some thymocytes). This specialised group of glycoproteins present self and non-self lipid-based antigens to specific αβ T-cells. CD1 molecules are structurally related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), belonging to MHC class I-like genes. The human CD1 locus is found on chromosome 1 and contains five nonpolymorphic genes (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d and CD1e). Structure and function CD1b molecules (as well as other CD1 and classical MHC I MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on pla ... molec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD1d Receptor
CD1D is the human gene that encodes the protein CD1d, a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are non-classical MHC proteins, related to the class I MHC proteins, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. CD1d is the only member of the group 2 CD1 molecules. Biological significance CD1d-presented lipid antigens activate a special class of T cells, known as natural killer T (NKT) cells, through the interaction with the T-cell receptor present on NKT membranes. When activated, NKT cells rapidly produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, typically represented by interferon-gamma and interleukin 4 production. Nomenclature CD1d is also known as R3G1 Ligands Some of the known ligands for CD1d are: * α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a compound originally derived from the marine sponge ''Agelas mauritanius'' with no physiological role but great research utili ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD1D
CD1D is the human gene that encodes the protein CD1d, a member of the CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. They are non-classical MHC proteins, related to the class I MHC proteins, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. CD1d is the only member of the group 2 CD1 molecules. Biological significance CD1d-presented lipid antigens activate a special class of T cells, known as natural killer T (NKT) cells, through the interaction with the T-cell receptor present on NKT membranes. When activated, NKT cells rapidly produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, typically represented by interferon-gamma and interleukin 4 production. Nomenclature CD1d is also known as R3G1 Ligands Some of the known ligands for CD1d are: * α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer), a compound originally derived from the marine sponge ''Agelas mauritanius'' with no physiological role but great research utilit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD1E
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1e, membrane-associated is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CD1E'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins, which are structurally related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and form heterodimers with beta-2-microglobulin. The CD1 proteins mediate the presentation of primarily lipid and glycolipid antigens of self or microbial origin to T cells. The human genome contains five CD1 family genes organized in a cluster on chromosome 1. The CD1 family members are thought to differ in their cellular localization and specificity for particular lipid ligands. The protein encoded by this gene localizes within Golgi compartments, endosomes, and lysosomes, and is cleaved into a stable soluble form. The soluble form is required for the intracellular processing of some glycolipids into a form that can be presented by other CD1 family members. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD1e
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD1e, membrane-associated is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CD1E'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the CD1 family of transmembrane glycoproteins, which are structurally related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and form heterodimers with beta-2-microglobulin. The CD1 proteins mediate the presentation of primarily lipid and glycolipid antigens of self or microbial origin to T cells. The human genome contains five CD1 family genes organized in a cluster on chromosome 1. The CD1 family members are thought to differ in their cellular localization and specificity for particular lipid ligands. The protein encoded by this gene localizes within Golgi compartments, endosomes, and lysosomes, and is cleaved into a stable soluble form. The soluble form is required for the intracellular processing of some glycolipids into a form that can be presented by other CD1 family members. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cluster Of Differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classification determinant and often abbreviated as CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. In terms of physiology, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling). Some CD proteins do not play a role in cell signaling, but have other functions, such as cell adhesion. CD for humans is numbered up to 371 (). Nomenclature The CD nomenclature was proposed and established in the 1st International Workshop and Conference on Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens (HLDA), which was held in Paris in 1982. This system was intended for the classification of the many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) generated by different laboratories around the world against epitopes on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Killer T Cell
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer cells. Many of these cells recognize the non-polymorphic CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that binds self and foreign lipids and glycolipids. They constitute only approximately 1% of all peripheral blood T cells. Natural killer T cells should neither be confused with natural killer cells nor killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells). Nomenclature The term "NK T cells" was first used in mice to define a subset of T cells that expressed the natural killer (NK) cell-associated marker NK1.1 (CD161). It is now generally accepted that the term "NKT cells" refers to CD1d-restricted T cells, present in mice and humans, some of which coexpress a heavily biased, semi-invariant T-cell receptor and NK cell markers. Molecular characterization NKT cells are a subset of T cells that coexpress an αβ T-cell receptor, but also express a variety of molecular marke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymphoma
Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). In current usage the name usually refers to just the cancerous versions rather than all such tumours. Signs and symptoms may include enlarged lymph nodes, fever, drenching sweats, unintended weight loss, itching, and constantly feeling tired. The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless. The sweats are most common at night. Many subtypes of lymphomas are known. The two main categories of lymphomas are the non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90% of cases) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (10%). The World Health Organization (WHO) includes two other categories as types of lymphoma – multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative diseases. Lymphomas and leukemias are a part of the broader group of tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection with Epstein–Barr virus and a history of the disease in the family. Risk factors for common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, abnormal cells deriving from bone marrow and capable of migrating from skin to lymph nodes. Symptoms range from isolated bone lesions to multisystem disease. LCH is part of a group of syndromes called histiocytoses, which are characterized by an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes (an archaic term for activated dendritic cells and macrophages). These diseases are related to other forms of abnormal proliferation of white blood cells, such as leukemias and lymphomas. The disease has gone by several names, including Hand–Schüller–Christian disease, Abt-Letterer-Siwe disease, Hashimoto-Pritzker disease (a very rare self-limiting variant seen at birth) and histiocytosis X, until it was renamed in 1985 by the Histiocyte Society. Classification The disease spectrum results from clonal accumulation and proliferation of cells resembling the epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CD161
Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B, member 1, also known as KLRB1, NKR-P1A or CD161 (cluster of differentiation 161), is a human gene. Function Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that mediate cytotoxicity and secrete cytokines after immune stimulation. Several genes of the C-type lectin A C-type lectin (CLEC) is a type of carbohydrate-binding protein known as a lectin. The C-type designation is from their requirement for calcium for binding. Proteins that contain C-type lectin domains have a diverse range of functions including ... superfamily, including the rodent NKRP1 family of glycoproteins, are expressed by NK cells and may be involved in the regulation of NK cell function. The KLRB1 protein contains an extracellular domain with several motifs characteristic of C-type lectins, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The KLRB1 protein, NKR-P1A or CD161, is classified as a type II membrane protein because it has an external C terminus. NKR-P1A, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
