|
CC–PP Game
The Commonize Costs–Privatize Profits Game (or CC–PP Game) is a concept developed by the ecologist Garrett Hardin to describe a "game" (in the game theory sense) widely played in matters of resource allocation.Hardin, G. (1985). ''Filters Against Folly, How to Survive despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent'', Viking Penguin, The concept is Hardin's interpretation of the closely related phenomenon known as the tragedy of the commons, and is referred to in political discourse as "privatizing profits and socializing losses." The CC–PP Game originally appeared in Hardin's book titled ''Filters against Folly: How To Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent'' which was published in 1986. Players of the CC–PP Game aim to Common ownership, commonize the costs (or externality, externalities) generated by their activities across the wider community, while privatizing all profit (economics), profits (Gain (finance), financial or otherwise) to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ecologist
Ecology () is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms and their environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere levels. Ecology overlaps with the closely related sciences of biogeography, evolutionary biology, genetics, ethology, and natural history. Ecology is a branch of biology, and is the study of abundance, biomass, and distribution of organisms in the context of the environment. It encompasses life processes, interactions, and adaptations; movement of materials and energy through living communities; successional development of ecosystems; cooperation, competition, and predation within and between species; and patterns of biodiversity and its effect on ecosystem processes. Ecology has practical applications in fields such as conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management, and human ecology. The word ''ecology'' () was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
