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Bottom-up Regional Groups Within The European Union
Bottom-up may refer to: * Bottom-up analysis, a fundamental analysis technique in accounting and finance * Bottom-up parsing, a computer science strategy * Bottom-up processing, in Pattern recognition (psychology) * Bottom-up theories of galaxy formation and evolution * Bottom-up tree automaton, in data structures * Bottom-up integration testing, in software testing * Top-down and bottom-up design, strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering * Bottom-up proteomics, a laboratory technique involving proteins * Bottom Up Records, a record label founded by Shyheim * Bottom-up approach of the Holocaust, a viewpoint on the causes of the Holocaust See also * Bottoms Up (other) * Top-down (other) * Capsizing, when a boat is turned upside down * Mundanity, an precursor of social movements * Social movements, bottom-up societal reform * Turtling (sailing) In dinghy sailing, a boat is said to be turtling or to turn turtle when the boat is fully invert ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; and competitors and markets. It also considers the overall state of the economy and factors including interest rates, production, earnings, employment, GDP, housing, manufacturing and management. There are two basic approaches that can be used: bottom up analysis and top down analysis. These terms are used to distinguish such analysis from other types of investment analysis, such as quantitative and technical. Fundamental analysis is performed on historical and present data, but with the goal of making financial forecasts. There are several possible objectives: * to conduct a company stock valuation and predict its probable price evolution; * to make a projection on its business performance; * to evaluate its management and make internal business decisions and/or to calculate its credit risk; * to fin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bottom-up Parsing
In computer science, parsing reveals the grammatical structure of linear input text, as a first step in working out its meaning. Bottom-up parsing recognizes the text's lowest-level small details first, before its mid-level structures, and leaving the highest-level overall structure to last. Bottom-up Versus Top-down The bottom-up name comes from the concept of a parse tree, in which the most detailed parts are at the bottom of the upside-down tree, and larger structures composed from them are in successively higher layers, until at the top or "root" of the tree a single unit describes the entire input stream. A bottom-up parse discovers and processes that tree starting from the bottom left end, and incrementally works its way upwards and rightwards. Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools (2nd Edition), by Alfred Aho, Monica Lam, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey Ullman, Prentice Hall 2006. A parser may act on the structure hierarchy's low, mid, and highest levels without ever creat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pattern Recognition (psychology)
In psychology and cognitive neuroscience, pattern recognition describes a cognitive process that matches information from a stimulus with information retrieved from memory.Eysenck, Michael W.; Keane, Mark T. (2003). Cognitive Psychology: A Student's Handbook (4th ed.). Hove; Philadelphia; New York: Taylor & Francis. . OCLC 894210185. Retrieved 27 November 2014. Pattern recognition occurs when information from the environment is received and entered into short-term memory, causing automatic activation of a specific content of long-term memory. An early example of this is learning the alphabet in order. When a carer repeats ‘A, B, C’ multiple times to a child, utilizing the pattern recognition, the child says ‘C’ after they hear ‘A, B’ in order. Recognizing patterns allows us to predict and expect what is coming. The process of pattern recognition involves matching the information received with the information already stored in the brain. Making the connection between m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galaxy Formation And Evolution
The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning, the formation of the first galaxies, the way galaxies change over time, and the processes that have generated the variety of structures observed in nearby galaxies. Galaxy formation is hypothesized to occur from structure formation theories, as a result of tiny quantum fluctuations in the aftermath of the Big Bang. The simplest model in general agreement with observed phenomena is the Lambda-CDM model—that is, that clustering and merging allows galaxies to accumulate mass, determining both their shape and structure. Commonly observed properties of galaxies Because of the inability to conduct experiments in outer space, the only way to “test” theories and models of galaxy evolution is to compare them with observations. Explanations for how galaxies formed and evolved must be able to predict the observed properties and types of galax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tree Automaton
A tree automaton is a type of state machine. Tree automata deal with tree structures, rather than the strings of more conventional state machines. The following article deals with branching tree automata, which correspond to regular languages of trees. As with classical automata, finite tree automata (FTA) can be either a deterministic automaton or not. According to how the automaton processes the input tree, finite tree automata can be of two types: (a) bottom up, (b) top down. This is an important issue, as although non-deterministic (ND) top-down and ND bottom-up tree automata are equivalent in expressive power, deterministic top-down automata are strictly less powerful than their deterministic bottom-up counterparts, because tree properties specified by deterministic top-down tree automata can only depend on path properties. (Deterministic bottom-up tree automata are as powerful as ND tree automata.) Definitions A bottom-up finite tree automaton over ''F'' is defined as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Integration Testing
Integration testing (sometimes called integration and testing, abbreviated I&T) is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are combined and tested as a group. Integration testing is conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified functional requirements. It occurs after unit testing and before system testing. Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its output the integrated system ready for system testing. Approach Some different types of integration testing are big-bang, mixed (sandwich), risky-hardest, top-down, and bottom-up. Other Integration PatternsBinder, Robert V.: ''Testing Object-Oriented Systems: Models, Patterns, and Tools''. Addison Wesley 1999. are: collaboration integration, backbone integration, layer integration, client-server integration, distribut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Top-down And Bottom-up Design
Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership. A top-down approach (also known as ''stepwise design'' and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of ''decomposition'') is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems in a reverse engineering fashion. In a top-down approach an overview of the system is formulated, specifying, but not detailing, any first-level subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements. A top-down model is often specified with the assistance of "black boxes", which makes it easier to manipulate. However, black boxes may fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bottom-up Proteomics
Bottom-up proteomics is a common method to identify proteins and characterize their amino acid sequences and post-translational modifications by proteolytic digestion of proteins prior to analysis by mass spectrometry. The major alternative workflow used in proteomics is called top-down proteomics where intact proteins are purified prior to digestion and/or fragmentation either within the mass spectrometer or by 2D electrophoresis. Essentially, bottom-up proteomics is a relatively simple and reliable means of determining the protein make-up of a given sample of cells, tissues, etc. In bottom-up proteomics, the crude protein extract is enzymatically digested, followed by one or more dimensions of separation of the peptides by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, a technique known as shotgun proteomics. By comparing the masses of the proteolytic peptides or their tandem mass spectra with those predicted from a sequence database or annotated peptide spectral in a p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bottom Up Records
Bottom may refer to: Anatomy and sex * Bottom (BDSM), the partner in a BDSM who takes the passive, receiving, or obedient role, to that of the top or dominant * Bottom (sex), a term used by gay couples and BDSM * Buttocks or bottom, part of the anatomy on the posterior of the pelvic region of apes and humans, and many other bipeds or quadrupeds Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Bottom'' (TV series), a British sitcom and stage show * "Bottom", a song by Puddle of Mudd from '' Life On Display'' * "Bottom", a song by Tool from '' Undertow'' * Nick Bottom, a character from Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' * ''The Bottoms'' (novel), a 2000 novel by Joe R. Lansdale * ''Bottoms'', a 1966 film by Yoko Ono Geography * Bottom (valley), the floor of a valley ** List of geographical bottoms, list of geographical features called "bottom" * Bottomland (freshwater ecology), low-lying alluvial land adjacent to a river *Foggy Bottom, a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. * Low ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shyheim
Shyheim Dionel Franklin (born November 14, 1977) is an American rapper from New York better known simply as Shyheim. He initially gained fame as a teenager, releasing his debut album ''AKA the Rugged Child'' at the age of 16 in 1994. He has spent the majority of his career affiliated with the Wu-Tang Clan, frequently collaborating with Method Man and Ghostface Killah. As a teenager, Shyheim was considered one of hip hop's brightest prospects, being referred to as a "Wunderkind" and a "prodigy", even being admired by fellow rappers such as Jay-Z, who said he "looked up to him" in admiration in his autobiography ''Decoded (memoir), Decoded''. After 1996's The Lost Generation (album), The Lost Generation, Shyheim's career saw a string of underperforming releases over the next eighteen years, and was finally derailed due to a hit-and-run conviction. He was released from prison in early 2020. Career Music Shyheim's Virgin Records debut, ''AKA the Rugged Child''. It included the h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bottom-up Approach Of The Holocaust
The bottom-up approach is a viewpoint on the causes of the Holocaust. This approach is usually housed under a common debate in understanding the Holocaust, known as the functionalism versus intentionalism debate. Functionalists represent the argument that the decision to kill the Jews developed over time with a concept called "cumulative radicalization" (Hans Mommsen). Intentionalists, on the other hand, believe that the Final Solution was intended to occur all along and use antisemitism to prove this point. In the functionalism versus intentionalism debate, the bottom-up approach originated under the functionalist perspective. Götz Aly, specifically, has argued the case for the bottom-up approach from the functionalist view. The approach is best defined as one of the many arguments used to explain the Holocaust. This reasoning focuses on those of lower rank and their pressuring of higher ranks to implement what is now known as the Final Solution. Application In Götz Aly's boo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bottoms Up (other)
Bottoms Up may refer to: Music * "Bottoms Up" (Brantley Gilbert song), 2013 * ''Bottoms Up'' (Illinois Jacquet album), 1968 * "Bottoms Up" (Nickelback song) from Nickelback's album ''Here and Now'' * ''Bottoms Up'' (Obie Trice album), 2012 * "Bottoms Up" (Trey Songz song), 2010 *''Bottoms Up!'', a 1959 album by jazz group The Three Sounds *"Bottoms Up", a song by Keke Palmer from her debut album ''So Uncool'' *"Bottoms Up!", track four on Van Halen's album ''Van Halen II'' Film and television * ''Bottoms Up'' (1934 film), a 1934 musical comedy film * ''Bottoms Up'' (1960 film), starring Jimmy Edwards * ''Bottoms Up'' (2006 film), a film starring Paris Hilton * 'S Up, the fifth episode of the first series of British sitcom ''Bottom'' Other uses *Bottoms Up Club, a bar in Hong Kong See also *Bottom-up (other) Bottom-up may refer to: * Bottom-up analysis, a fundamental analysis technique in accounting and finance * Bottom-up parsing, a computer science strategy * Bottom- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
