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Arabic Braille
Arabic Braille ( ar, بِرَيْل الْعَرَبِيَّة, ') is the braille alphabet for the Arabic language. It descends from a braille alphabet brought to Egypt by an English missionary prior to 1878, so the letter assignments generally correspond to English Braille and to the same romanization of Arabic, romanization as in other braille systems, like Greek Braille, Greek and Russian Braille, Russian. However, there were once multiple standards, some of which (such as Algerian Braille) were unrelated to Coptic Braille. A unified Arabic Braille was adopted in the 1950s as part of the move toward international uniformity of braille alphabets, international braille, and it is the standard throughout the Arab world. Other Arabic-based alphabets have braille systems similar to Arabic Braille, such as Urdu Braille, Urdu and Persian Braille, Persian Braille, but differ in some letter and diacritic assignments. Arabic Braille is read from left to right, following the international ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Language
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011. Having emerged in the 1st century, it is named after the Arab people; the term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula, as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece. Since the 7th century, Arabic has been characterized by diglossia, with an opposition between a standard prestige language—i.e., Literary Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Classical Arabic—and diverse vernacular varieties, which serve as mother tongues. Colloquial dialects vary significantly from MSA, impeding mutual intelligibility. MSA is only acquired through formal education and is not spoken natively. It is the language of literature, official documents, and formal written m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic-based Alphabets
The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa. It is the second-most widely used writing system in the world by number of countries using it or a script directly derived from it, and the third-most by number of users (after the Latin and Chinese scripts). The script was first used to write texts in Arabic, most notably the Quran, the holy book of Islam. With the religion's spread, it came to be used as the primary script for many language families, leading to the addition of new letters and other symbols. Such languages still using it are: Persian (Farsi/Dari), Malay ( Jawi), Uyghur, Kurdish, Punjabi (Shahmukhi), Sindhi, Balti, Balochi, Pashto, Lurish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Rohingya, Somali and Mandinka, Mooré among others. Until the 16th century, it was also used for some Spanish texts, and—prior to the language reform in 1928—it was the writing system of Turkish. The script is written from right to left in a cu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moon Type
The Moon System of Embossed Reading (commonly known as the Moon writing, Moon alphabet, Moon script, Moon type, or Moon code) is a writing system for the blind, using embossed symbols mostly derived from the Latin script (but simplified). It is claimed by its supporters to be easier to understand than braille, though it is mainly used by people who have lost their sight as adults, and thus already have knowledge of the shapes of letters. History Moon type was developed by William Moon (1818—1894), a blind Englishman living in Brighton, East Sussex. After a bout of scarlet fever, Moon lost his sight at age 21 and became a teacher of blind children. He discovered that his pupils had great difficulty learning to read the existing styles of embossed reading codes, and devised his own system that would be "open and clear to the touch."Farrell, p. 102. Moon first formulated his ideas in 1843 and published the scheme in 1845. Moon is not as well known as braille, but it is a val ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sukun
The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include: consonant pointing known as (), and supplementary diacritics known as (). The latter include the vowel marks termed (; singular: , '). The Arabic script is a modified abjad, where short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. ' is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the ''i‘jām''—consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full ''tashkīl''—vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to the general public are often rendered with the full ''tashkīl'', to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shaddah
Shaddah ( ar, شَدّة ' , " ign ofemphasis", also called by the verbal noun from the same root, tashdid ' "emphasis") is one of the diacritics used with the Arabic alphabet, indicating a geminated consonant. It is functionally equivalent to writing a consonant twice in the orthographies of languages like Latin, Italian, Swedish, and Ancient Greek, and is thus rendered in Latin script in most schemes of Arabic transliteration, e.g. = ' 'pomegranates'. Form In shape, it is a small letter '' s(h)in'', standing for ''shaddah''. It was devised for poetry by al-Khalil ibn Ahmad in the eighth century, replacing an earlier dot.Versteegh, 1997. ''The Arabic language''. p 56. Combination with other diacritics When a is used on a consonant which also takes a , the is written above the . If the consonant takes a , it is written between the consonant and the instead of its usual place below the consonant, however this last case is an exclusively Arabic language practice, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ال
( ar, ٱلْـ), also Romanized as ''el-'', ''il-,'' and ''l-'' as pronounced in some varieties of Arabic, is the definite article in the Arabic language: a particle (''ḥarf'') whose function is to render the noun on which it is prefixed definite. For example, the word ''kitāb'' "book" can be made definite by prefixing it with ''al-'', resulting in ''al-kitāb'' "the book". Consequently, ''al-'' is typically translated as "the" in English. Unlike most other Arabic particles, ''al-'' is always prefixed to another word and never stands alone. Consequently, many dictionaries do not list it, and it is almost invariably ignored in collation, as it is not an intrinsic part of the word. ''Al-'' does not inflect for gender, number or grammatical case. The sound of the final ''-l'' consonant, however, can vary; when followed by a sun letter such as ''t'', ''d'', ''r'', ''s'', ''n'' and a few others, it assimilates to that sound, thus doubling it. For example: for "the Nile", one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Braille
Persian Braille (Persian: بریل فارسی) is the braille alphabet for the Persian language. It is largely compatible with Arabic Braille, which may be found (in uncontracted form) within Persian Braille texts. There are a few additional Persian letters that do not exist in Arabic. Persian Braille is read from left to right, following the international convention. Numbers are also left to right, rather than switching direction as they do in printed Arabic. Persian Braille charts Letters Numbers and arithmetic Numbers are the same as in English Braille. Arithmetical symbols are introduced by a separate braille prefix. Numbers follow operands without a space. For example, : is in braille, : Punctuation See also *Arabic Braille *Tajik Braille *Urdu Braille According to UNESCO (2013),World Braille Usage [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urdu Braille
According to UNESCO (2013),World Braille Usage UNESCO, 2013 there are different alphabets for in India and in Pakistan. The Indian alphabet is based on national , while the Pakistani alphabet is based on . Differences from Persian and Bharati Braille Besides the addition of Urdu-specifi ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Uniformity Of Braille Alphabets
The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the ''International Congress on Work for the Blind'' in 1878, where it was decided to replace the mutually incompatible national conventions of the time with the French values of the basic Latin alphabet, both for languages that use Latin-based alphabets and, through their Latin equivalents, for languages that use other scripts. However, the unification did not address letters beyond these 26, leaving French and German Braille partially incompatible and as braille spread to new languages with new needs, national conventions again became disparate. A second round of unification was undertaken under the auspices of UNESCO in 1951, setting the foundation for international braille usage today. Numerical order Braille arranged his characters in decades (groups of ten) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian Braille
Algerian Braille was a braille alphabet used to write the Arabic language in Algeria. It is apparently obsolete. In Algerian Braille, the braille letters are assigned in numeric order to the Arabic alphabet; standard Arabic Braille
Arabic Braille ( ar, بِرَيْل الْعَرَبِيَّة, ') is the braille alphabet for the Arabic language. It descends from a braille alphabet brought to Egypt by an English missionary prior to 1878, so the letter assignments generally co ... on the other hand uses a completely different assi ...
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