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1730 In Science
The year 1730 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * The analemma is developed by the French astronomer Grandjean de Fouchy. Mathematics * James Stirling publishes ''Methodus differentialis, sive tractatus de summatione et interpolatione serierum infinitarum''. Physics * The Reaumur scale is developed by French naturalist René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, with 0° = the freezing point of water and 80° = the boiling point. Technology * Joseph Foljambe of Rotherham, England, produces the iron-clad Rotherham swing plough. Births * April 15 – Moses Harris, English entomologist and engraver (died c. 1788) * July 12 – Anna Barbara Reinhart, Swiss mathematician (died 1796) * June 26 – Charles Messier, French astronomer (died 1817) * August 12 – Edmé-Louis Daubenton, French naturalist (died 1785) * December 8 ** Johann Hedwig, Transylvanian-born German botanist (died 1799) ** Jan Ingenhousz, Dutch physiologist (died 1799) * Maria Ang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anna Barbara Reinhart
Anna Barbara Reinhart (12 July 1730 – 5 January 1796), was a Swiss mathematician. She was considered an internationally respected mathematician of her era. Biography Anna Barbara Reinhart was the third child and first daughter of Councilor Salomon Reinhart (1693 - 1761) and Anna Steiner. Her childhood was overshadowed by an accident when she fell off her horse at a wedding party, which caused her to be confined her to her bed for significant periods of time. Her physician, Dr. Johann Heinrich Hegner, however, noticed her aptitude for mathematics and began to teach her. Henceforth, she studied mathematics using the books of Leonhard Euler, Gabriel Cramer, Pieter van Musschenbroek and Jérôme Lalande. Reinhart corresponded with several mathematicians of the period, such as Christoph Jezler, and also received them as guests. She was active as a teacher of mathematics and was the instructor of Ulrich Hegner and Heinrich Bosshard von Rümikon among others. It is said that she ed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1799 In Science
The year 1799 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. Archaeology * July 15 – In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta (Rashid), French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone, which will become the key to deciphering ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. * July 25 – At the Battle of Abukir in Egypt, Napoleon Bonaparte gains French control of Egyptian artifacts by defeating over 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha. Astronomy * Pierre-Simon Laplace begins publication of ''Méchanique céleste''. Biology * Thomas Beddoes makes the first recorded use of the word ''Biology'' in its modern sense. * George Shaw of the British Museum publishes the first scientific description of the platypus (''Ornithorhynchus anatinus'' Shaw) in ''The Naturalists' Miscellany''. Exploration * Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland begin a five-year exploration of the natural history of South America. Geology * ''by summer'' – William S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botanist
Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word (''botanē'') meaning "pasture", " herbs" "grass", or " fodder"; is in turn derived from (), "to feed" or "to graze". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes. Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, med ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German People
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Transylvania
Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Apuseni Mountains. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally Banat. Transylvania is known for the scenery of its Carpathian landscape and its rich history. It also contains Romania's second-largest city, Cluj-Napoca, and other iconic cities and towns such as Brașov, Sibiu, Târgu Mureș, Alba Iulia and Sighișoara. It is also the home of some of Romania's List of World Heritage Sites in Romania, UNESCO World Heritage Sites such as the villages with fortified churches in Transylvania, Villages with fortified churches, the Historic Centre of Sighișoara, the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains and the Rosia Montana Mining Cultural Landsc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Hedwig
Johann Hedwig (8 December 1730 – 18 February 1799), also styled as Johannes Hedwig, was a German botanist notable for his studies of mosses. He is sometimes called the "father of bryology". He is known for his particular observations of sexual reproduction in the cryptogams. Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Ioannis Hedwig or Ioanne Hedwig. Early life Hedwig was born in Brașov, Transylvania, on 8 December 1730. As the son of a shoemaker, he grew up in poverty. It was in his childhood he became fascinated with mosses.Isely, Duane. One Hundred and One Botanists. Purdue University Press, 2002. He went on to study medicine at the University of Leipzig, and received his medical degree in 1759. Career After receiving his degree, Hedwig worked as a physician for the next twenty years. When he was not granted a license to practice in Transylvania with his Leipzig degree, he worked as a general practitioner in Chemnitz. It was during this time ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1785 In Science
The year 1785 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Dunsink Observatory established near Dublin. Aviation * January 7 – Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air. * January 19 – Richard Crosbie successfully flies in a hot air balloon across Dublin, the first ascent in Ireland. Biology * Antoine François and Étienne Louis Geoffroy publish ''Entomologia Parisiensis, sive, Catalogus insectorum quae in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur ...''. * John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, publishes ''Botanical Tables, containing the different families of British plants''. Earth sciences * March 7–July – James Hutton's ''Theory of the Earth'' is first presented, at the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Exploration * André Michaux is sent by the French government to North America to look for new plants. Mathematics * The Marquis d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edme-Louis Daubenton
Edme-Louis Daubenton (12 August 1730 – 12 December 1785) was a French naturalist. Daubenton was the cousin of another French naturalist, Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton. Georges-Louis Leclerc, the Comte de Buffon engaged Edme-Louis Daubenton to supervise the coloured illustrations for the monumental ''Histoire Naturelle'' (1749–89). The ''Planches enluminée'' started to appear in 1765 and finally counted 1,008 plates, all engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet (1731–1800), and all painted by hand. The Parisian publisher Panckoucke published a version without text between 1765 and 1783. More than 80 artists took part in the realization of the original paintings. 973 plates relate to birds; others illustrate especially butterflies but also other insects, corals, etc. The illustrations were not very successful, but they allow a rather good determination of the species illustrated, some of them now extinct. As Buffon did not follow the system of biological nomenclature developed b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1817 In Science
The year 1817 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. Biology * Georges Cuvier publishes ''Le Règne Animal''. Chemistry * Discovery of cadmium by Friedrich Stromeyer. * Discovery of lithium by Johann Arfvedson. * Discovery of selenium by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. * Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolate chlorophyll and emetine. * Leopold Gmelin begins publication of his ''Handbuch der theoretischen Chemie''. Medicine * First cholera pandemic (1817–24) originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September. * James Parkinson publishes An Essay on the Shaking Palsy', describing "paralysis agitans", the condition which will become known as Parkinson's disease. Technology * March – Ackermann steering geometry invented by Georg Lankensperger. * June 12 – German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or ''Laufmaschine''), the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim. * July 10 – David Brewster patents the k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astronomer
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, natural satellite, moons, comets and galaxy, galaxies – in either observational astronomy, observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, Sun, solar astronomy, the Star formation, origin or stellar evolution, evolution of stars, or the galaxy formation and evolution, formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy, theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of Astronomical object, celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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