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1636 In Science
The year 1636 in science and technology involved some significant events. Mathematics * Pierre de Fermat begins to circulate his work in analytic geometry in manuscript. * Muhammad Baqir Yazdi and René Descartes independently discover the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and 9,437,056. Physics * Marin Mersenne publishes his '' Traité de l'harmonie universelle'', containing Mersenne's laws describing the frequency of oscillation of a stretched string. Publications * Daniel Schwenter publishes ''Delicia Physic-Mathematicae'', including a description of a quill pen with an ink reservoir. Births * Father Jacques Marquette, French explorer (died 1675) * December 26 – Justine Siegemund, German midwife (died 1705) Deaths * February 22 – Sanctorius, Italian physiologist (born 1561) * Louise Bourgeois Boursier, French Royal midwife (born 1563) * Michal Sedziwój, Polish alchemist (born 1566 __NOTOC__ Year 1566 ( MDLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old. The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in around 3000 to 1200 BCE. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek conceptions of the world deteriorated in Western Europe during the early centuries (400 to 1000 CE) of the Middle Ages, but was preserved in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age and later by the efforts of Byzantine Greek scholars who brought Greek ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Explorers
The following is a list of explorers. Their common names, countries of origin (modern and former), centuries when they were active and main areas of exploration are listed below. List See also * Age of Discovery * Astronaut/Cosmonaut/ Taikonaut ** International Space Station ** List of people who have walked on the Moon * Bandeirantes * Chronology of European exploration of Asia * Conquistador * Exploration * List of explorations * List of lost expeditions * List of female explorers and travelers * List of maritime explorers * List of Russian explorers * List of travelers * Maritime timeline * Portuguese discoveries * Radhanites * Silk Road * Spice trade * The Exploration Museum * Timeline of maritime migration and exploration * Trans-Saharan trade * Travel literature The genre of travel literature encompasses outdoor literature, guide books, nature writing, and travel memoirs. One early travel memoirist in Western literature was Pausanias, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish People
Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in Central Europe. The preamble to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland defines the Polish nation as comprising all the citizens of Poland, regardless of heritage or ethnicity. The majority of Poles adhere to Roman Catholicism. The population of self-declared Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of an overall population of 38,512,000 (based on the 2011 census), of whom 36,522,000 declared Polish alone. A wide-ranging Polish diaspora (the '' Polonia'') exists throughout Europe, the Americas, and in Australasia. Today, the largest urban concentrations of Poles are within the Warsaw and Silesian metropolitan areas. Ethnic Poles are considered to be the descendants of the ancient West Slavic Lechites and other tribes that inhabite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michal Sedziwój
Michael Sendivogius (; pl, Michał Sędziwój; 2 February 1566 – 1636) was a Polish alchemist, philosopher, and medical doctor. A pioneer of chemistry, he developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds. He discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance—later called oxygen—170 years before Scheele's discovery of the element. He correctly identified this 'food of life' with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating nitre ( saltpetre). This substance, the 'central nitre', had a central position in Sendivogius' schema of the universe. Biography Little is known of his early life: he was born in a noble family that was part of the Clan of Ostoja. His father sent him to study in university of Kraków but Sendivogius visited also most of the European countries and universities; he studied at Vienna, Altdorf, Leipzig and Cambridge. His acquaintances included John Dee and Edward Kel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1563 In Science
The year 1563 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Medicine and physiology * June–October – Outbreak of bubonic plague in London kills over 20,000. * Bartolomeo Eustachi publishes ''De Renibus'' (including his discovery of the adrenal glands) and ''Libellus De Dentibus'' (in Venice), a pioneering text on dentition. * Garcia de Orta publishes ''Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India'' in Goa, the first text in a Western language on tropical medicine and drugs, including a classic description of cholera. * Felix Würtz publishes his critical treatise on surgery, ''Praktika der Wundartzney'', in Basel. Publications * ''prob. date'' – Bernardino Telesio – ''De Rerum Natura Iuxta Propria Principia''. Births * October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish cartographer (died 1612) * Louise Bourgeois Boursier, French Royal midwife (died 1638) * Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar-bureaucrat (died 1628) * Walter Warner, English scientist (die ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louise Bourgeois Boursier
Louise (Bourgeois) Boursier (1563–1636) was a French Royal Court midwife who delivered babies for many women in her twenty-six year professional career. Marie de Médicis, the wife of Henry the Great of France, was one of her patients, and Bourgeois delivered her six children. Bourgeois' income was about ten times the average midwife's. She believed she was blessed with practical midwifery talents from Phaenarete, the mother of Socrates. Bourgeois was known as a scholar and educator. Through her common-sense-based medical methods and prodigious writings, she helped raise midwifery to state of the art science. She was the first woman to write a book on obstetrics, which was further expanded with other more detailed medical works by her and her descendants and colleagues. These works were used by medical professionals in several countries. Early life Bourgeois was given the first name of Louise when she was born in 1563 in what was then a farming area outside of Paris calle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1561 In Science
The year 1561 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here. Cartography and navigation * Bartolomeu Velho produces a '' Carta General do Orbe'' for Sebastian of Portugal. * Richard Eden translates Martín Cortés de Albacar's ''Arte de navigar'' as ''The Arte of Navigation'' which becomes the first manual of navigation in English. Medicine and physiology * Gabriele Falloppio publishes ''Observationes anatomicae'' in Venice, the only work of his printed during his lifetime. * Ambroise Paré publishes ''Anatomie universelle du corps humain'' and ''La méthode curative des playes et fractures de la test humaine'' in Paris. * Smallpox epidemic in Chile. Births * January 6 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician (died 1656) * January 22 – Francis Bacon, English philosopher of science (died 1626) * March 29 – Sanctorius, Istrian physiologist (died 1636) * August 4 – John Harington, English inventor (died 1612) * August 24 – Bartholomaeu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physiologist
Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system. According to the classes of organisms, the field can be divided into medical physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cell physiology, and comparative physiology. Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes, homeostatic control mechanisms, and communication between cells. ''Physiological state'' is the condition of normal function. In contrast, ''pathological state'' refers to abnormal conditions, including human diseases. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine. Foundations Cells Although there are difference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian People
, flag = , flag_caption = The national flag of Italy , population = , regions = Italy 55,551,000 , region1 = Brazil , pop1 = 25–33 million , ref1 = , region2 = Argentina , pop2 = 20–25 million , ref2 = , region3 = United States , pop3 = 17-20 million , ref3 = , region4 = France , pop4 = 1-5 million , ref4 = , region5 = Venezuela , pop5 = 1-5 million , ref5 = , region6 = Paraguay , pop6 = 2.5 million , region7 = Colombia , pop7 = 2 million , ref7 = , region8 = Canada , pop8 = 1.5 million , ref8 = , region9 = Australia , pop9 = 1.0 million , ref9 = , region10 = Uruguay , pop10 = 1.0 million , r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanctorius
Santorio Santori (29 March, 1561 – 25 February, 1636) also called Santorio Santorio, Santorio de' Sanctoriis, or Sanctorius of Padua and various combinations of these names, was an Italian physiologist, physician, and professor, who introduced the quantitative approach into the life sciences and is considered the father of modern quantitative experimentation in medicine. He is also known as the inventor of several medical devices. His work ''De Statica Medicina'', written in 1614, saw many publications and influenced generations of physicians. Life Santorio was born on 29 March, 1561, in Capodistria, in the Venetian part of Istria (today in Slovenia). Santorio's mother, Elisabetta Cordonia, was a noblewoman from an Istrian family. Santorio's father, Antonio, was a nobleman from Friuli working for the Venetian Republic as chief of ordinance of the city. He was educated in his home town and continued his studies in Venice before he entered the University of Padua in 1575, w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1705 In Science
The year 1705 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy * Edmond Halley, in his ''Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae'', states that comets seen in 1456, 1531, 1607, and 1682 were actually a single comet and correctly predicts that it will return in 1758. Life sciences * Dutch lepidopterist Maria Merian publishes ''Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamensium''. * French anatomist Raymond Vieussens publishes ''Novum vasorum corporis humani systema'', considered an early classic work on cardiology. * French surgeon Jean Louis Petit publishes ''L'Art de guerir les maladies des os'', the first significant work on bone disease. Other events * April 16 – Isaac Newton is knighted by Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Births * February 22 – Peter Artedi, Swedish naturalist (died 1735) * April 11 – William Cookworthy, English chemist (died 1780) * June 21 – David Hartley, English physician and psychologist (died 1757) * ''undated'' – Charles Labelye, Swiss engin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Midwifery
Midwifery is the health science and health profession that deals with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period (including care of the newborn), in addition to the sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. In many countries, midwifery is a medical profession (special for its independent and direct specialized education; should not be confused with the medical specialty, which depends on a previous general training). A professional in midwifery is known as a midwife. A 2013 Cochrane review concluded that "most women should be offered midwifery-led continuity models of care and women should be encouraged to ask for this option although caution should be exercised in applying this advice to women with substantial medical or obstetric complications." The review found that midwifery-led care was associated with a reduction in the use of epidurals, with fewer episiotomies or instrumental births, and a decreased risk of losing the baby before 24 weeks' gesta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
