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Butyrivibrio
''Butyrivibrio'' is a genus of bacteria in Clostridia, Class Clostridia. Bacteria of this genus are common in the gastrointestinal systems of many animals. Genus ''Butyrivibrio'' was first described by Bryant and Small (1956) as Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, Butyric acid, butyric acid-producing, curved Bacillus (shape), rods (or vibroids). ''Butyrivibrio'' cells are small, typically 0.4 – 0.6 Micrometre, µm by 2 – 5 µm. They are Motility, motile, using a single polar or subpolar monotrichous flagellum. They are commonly found singly or in short chains but it is not unusual for them to form long chains. Despite historically being described as Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative, their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid, and electron microscopy indicates that bacteria of this genus have a Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-positive cell wall type.Beveridge, 1990 It is thought that they appear Gram-negative when Gram stained because their cell walls thin to 12 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyrivibrio Crossotus
''Butyrivibrio'' is a genus of bacteria in Clostridia, Class Clostridia. Bacteria of this genus are common in the gastrointestinal systems of many animals. Genus ''Butyrivibrio'' was first described by Bryant and Small (1956) as Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, Butyric acid, butyric acid-producing, curved Bacillus (shape), rods (or vibroids). ''Butyrivibrio'' cells are small, typically 0.4 – 0.6 Micrometre, µm by 2 – 5 µm. They are Motility, motile, using a single polar or subpolar monotrichous flagellum. They are commonly found singly or in short chains but it is not unusual for them to form long chains. Despite historically being described as Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative, their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid, and electron microscopy indicates that bacteria of this genus have a Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-positive cell wall type.Beveridge, 1990 It is thought that they appear Gram-negative when Gram stained because their cell walls thin to 12 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens
''Butyrivibrio'' is a genus of bacteria in Class Clostridia. Bacteria of this genus are common in the gastrointestinal systems of many animals. Genus ''Butyrivibrio'' was first described by Bryant and Small (1956) as anaerobic, butyric acid-producing, curved rods (or vibroids). ''Butyrivibrio'' cells are small, typically 0.4 – 0.6 µm by 2 – 5 µm. They are motile, using a single polar or subpolar monotrichous flagellum. They are commonly found singly or in short chains but it is not unusual for them to form long chains. Despite historically being described as Gram-negative, their cell walls contain derivatives of teichoic acid, and electron microscopy indicates that bacteria of this genus have a Gram-positive cell wall type.Beveridge, 1990 It is thought that they appear Gram-negative when Gram stained because their cell walls thin to 12 to 18 nm as they reach stationary phase. ''Butyrivibrio'' species are common in the rumens of ruminant animals such as cows, de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyrivibrio Proteoclasticus
''Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus'' is a bacterium from the family Lachnospiraceae originally described in the genus ''Clostridium''. Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus B316T ''Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus'' B316T was the first ''Butyrivibrio'' species to have its genome sequenced.Kelly W. J., et al. (2010). (2010). . PLoS One 5(8): e11942 It was first isolated and described by Attwood et al. (1996),Attwood et al., 1996 and was originally assigned to the genus ''Clostridium'' based on its similarity to '' Clostridium aminophilum'', a member of the ''Clostridium'' sub-cluster XIVa. Further analysis has shown that it is more appropriately placed within the genus ''Butyrivibrio'' and the organism was given its current name.Moon et al., 2008 Within this genus its 16S rDNA sequence is most similar to, but distinct from, that of ''B. hungateii''. ''B. proteoclasticus'' is found in rumen contents at significant concentrations of from 2.01 x 106/ml to 3.12 x 107/mL as estimated by competitive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyrivibrio Hungatei
''Butyrivibrio hungatei'' is a species of Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, butyrate-producing bacteria. It is curved rod-shaped and motile by means of single polar or subpolar flagellum and is common in the rumen The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. The rumen's microbial favoring environment allow .... Its type strain is JK 615T (=DSM 14810T =ATCC BAA-456T). References Further reading * * *Mrazek, J., et al. "Diet-dependent shifts in ruminal butyrate-producing bacteria."Folia microbiologica 51.4 (2006): 294-298. *Stack, ROBERT J. "Neutral sugar composition of extracellular polysaccharides produced by strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 54.4 (1988): 878–883. * External linksLPSN [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rumen
The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. The rumen's microbial favoring environment allows it to serve as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed. The smaller part of the reticulorumen is the reticulum, which is fully continuous with the rumen, but differs from it with regard to the texture of its lining. Brief anatomy The rumen is composed of several muscular sacs, the cranial sac, ventral sac, ventral blindsac, and reticulum. The lining of the rumen wall is covered in small fingerlike projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 5mm in length and 3mm wide in cattle. The reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern. The ridges are approximately 0.1–0.2mm wide and are raised 5mm above the reticulum wall. The hexagons in the reticulum are approximately 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lachnospiraceae
The Lachnospiraceae are a family of obligately anaerobic, variably spore-forming bacteria in the order Eubacteriales that ferment diverse plant polysaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate) and alcohols (ethanol). These bacteria are among the most abundant taxa in the rumen The rumen, also known as a paunch, is the largest stomach compartment in ruminants and the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. The rumen's microbial favoring environment al ... and the human gut microbiota. Members of this family may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid. Lachnospiraceae have been found to contribute to diabetes in genetically susceptible (ob/ob) germ-free mice. References Further reading * * * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q3825240 Bacteria families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Butyric Acid
Butyric acid (; from grc, βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor. Isobutyric acid (2-methylpropanoic acid) is an isomer. Salts and esters of butyric acid are known as butyrates or butanoates. The acid does not occur widely in nature, but its esters are widespread. It is a common industrial chemical and an important component in the mammalian gut. History Butyric acid was first observed in impure form in 1814 by the French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul. By 1818, he had purified it sufficiently to characterize it. However, Chevreul did not publish his early research on butyric acid; instead, he deposited his findings in manuscript form with the secretary of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. Henri Braconnot, a French chemist, was also researching the composition of butter and was publ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gram-positive Bacteria
In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria take up the crystal violet stain used in the test, and then appear to be purple-coloured when seen through an optical microscope. This is because the thick peptidoglycan layer in the bacterial cell wall retains the stain after it is washed away from the rest of the sample, in the decolorization stage of the test. Conversely, gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in this stage degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells, making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanometre
330px, Different lengths as in respect to the molecular scale. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, American spelling) is a units of measurement, unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre () and to 1000 picometres. One nanometre can be expressed in scientific notation as , and as metres. History The nanometre was formerly known as the millimicrometre – or, more commonly, the millimicron for short – since it is of a micron (micrometre), and was often denoted by the symbol mμ or (more rarely and confusingly, since it logically should refer to a ''millionth'' of a micron) as μμ. Etymology The name combines the SI prefix ''nano-'' (from the Ancient Greek , ', "dwarf") with the parent unit name ''metre'' (from Greek , ', "unit of measurement"). ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacterial Growth
250px, Growth is shown as ''L'' = log(numbers) where numbers is the number of colony forming units per ml, versus ''T'' (time.) Bacterial growth is proliferation of bacterium into two daughter cells, in a process called binary fission. Providing no event occurs, the resulting daughter cells are genetically identical to the original cell. Hence, bacterial growth occurs. Both daughter cells from the division do not necessarily survive. However, if the surviving number exceeds unity on average, the bacterial population undergoes exponential growth. The measurement of an exponential bacterial growth curve in batch culture was traditionally a part of the training of all microbiologists; the basic means requires bacterial enumeration (cell counting) by direct and individual (microscopic, flow cytometry), direct and bulk (biomass), indirect and individual (colony counting), or indirect and bulk (most probable number, turbidity, nutrient uptake) methods. Models reconcile theory with th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruminant
Ruminants (suborder Ruminantia) are ungulate, hoofed herbivorous grazing or browsing mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by Enteric fermentation, fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called foregut fermentation, typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as cud) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ''ruminare'', which means "to chew over again". The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. Ruminating mammals include cattle, all domesticated and wild bovines, goats, sheep, giraffes, deer, gazelles, and antelopes.Fowler, M.E. (2010).Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 General Biolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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