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Boolean Group
In mathematics, specifically in group theory, an elementary abelian group (or elementary abelian ''p''-group) is an abelian group in which every nontrivial element has order ''p''. The number ''p'' must be prime, and the elementary abelian groups are a particular kind of ''p''-group. The case where ''p'' = 2, i.e., an elementary abelian 2-group, is sometimes called a Boolean group. Every elementary abelian ''p''-group is a vector space over the prime field with ''p'' elements, and conversely every such vector space is an elementary abelian group. By the classification of finitely generated abelian groups, or by the fact that every vector space has a basis, every finite elementary abelian group must be of the form (Z/''p''Z)''n'' for ''n'' a non-negative integer (sometimes called the group's ''rank''). Here, Z/''p''Z denotes the cyclic group of order ''p'' (or equivalently the integers mod ''p''), and the superscript notation means the ''n''-fold direct product of groups. In ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Presentation Of A Group
In mathematics, a presentation is one method of specifying a group. A presentation of a group ''G'' comprises a set ''S'' of generators—so that every element of the group can be written as a product of powers of some of these generators—and a set ''R'' of relations among those generators. We then say ''G'' has presentation :\langle S \mid R\rangle. Informally, ''G'' has the above presentation if it is the "freest group" generated by ''S'' subject only to the relations ''R''. Formally, the group ''G'' is said to have the above presentation if it is isomorphic to the quotient of a free group on ''S'' by the normal subgroup generated by the relations ''R''. As a simple example, the cyclic group of order ''n'' has the presentation :\langle a \mid a^n = 1\rangle, where 1 is the group identity. This may be written equivalently as :\langle a \mid a^n\rangle, thanks to the convention that terms that do not include an equals sign are taken to be equal to the group identity. S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abelian Group Theory
Abelian may refer to: Mathematics Group theory * Abelian group, a group in which the binary operation is commutative ** Category of abelian groups (Ab), has abelian groups as objects and group homomorphisms as morphisms * Metabelian group, a group where the commutator subgroup is abelian * Abelianisation Topology and number theory * Abelian variety, a complex torus that can be embedded into projective space * Abelian surface, a two-dimensional abelian variety * Abelian function, a meromorphic function on an abelian variety * Abelian integral, a function related to the indefinite integral of a differential of the first kind Other mathematics * Abelian category, in category theory, a preabelian category in which every monomorphism is a kernel and every epimorphism is a cokernel * Abelian and Tauberian theorems, in real analysis, used in the summation of divergent series * Abelian extension, in Galois theory, a field extension for which the associated Galois group is abelian * Abe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamming Space
In statistics and coding theory, a Hamming space (named after American mathematician Richard Hamming) is usually the set of all 2^N binary strings of length ''N''. It is used in the theory of coding signals and transmission. More generally, a Hamming space can be defined over any alphabet (set) ''Q'' as the set of words of a fixed length ''N'' with letters from ''Q''.Cohen et al., ''Covering Codes'', p. 15 If ''Q'' is a finite field, then a Hamming space over ''Q'' is an ''N''-dimensional vector space over ''Q''. In the typical, binary case, the field is thus GF(2) (also denoted by Z2). In coding theory, if ''Q'' has ''q'' elements, then any subset ''C'' (usually assumed of cardinality at least two) of the ''N''-dimensional Hamming space over ''Q'' is called a q-ary code of length N; the elements of ''C'' are called codewords. In the case where ''C'' is a linear subspace of its Hamming space, it is called a linear code. A typical example of linear code is the Hamming code. Cod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elementary Group
In algebra, more specifically group theory, a ''p''-elementary group is a direct product of a finite cyclic group of order relatively prime to ''p'' and a ''p''-group. A finite group is an elementary group if it is ''p''-elementary for some prime number ''p''. An elementary group is nilpotent. Brauer's theorem on induced characters states that a character on a finite group is a linear combination with integer coefficients of characters induced from elementary subgroups. More generally, a finite group ''G'' is called a ''p''-hyperelementary if it has the extension :1 \longrightarrow C \longrightarrow G \longrightarrow P \longrightarrow 1 where C is cyclic of order prime to ''p'' and ''P'' is a ''p''-group. Not every hyperelementary group is elementary: for instance the non-abelian group of order 6 is 2-hyperelementary, but not 2-elementary. See also * Elementary abelian group In mathematics, specifically in group theory, an elementary abelian group (or elementary abelian ''p'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heisenberg Group
In mathematics, the Heisenberg group H, named after Werner Heisenberg, is the group of 3×3 upper triangular matrices of the form ::\begin 1 & a & c\\ 0 & 1 & b\\ 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end under the operation of matrix multiplication. Elements ''a, b'' and ''c'' can be taken from any commutative ring with identity, often taken to be the ring of real numbers (resulting in the "continuous Heisenberg group") or the ring of integers (resulting in the "discrete Heisenberg group"). The continuous Heisenberg group arises in the description of one-dimensional quantum mechanical systems, especially in the context of the Stone–von Neumann theorem. More generally, one can consider Heisenberg groups associated to ''n''-dimensional systems, and most generally, to any symplectic vector space. The three-dimensional case In the three-dimensional case, the product of two Heisenberg matrices is given by: :\begin 1 & a & c\\ 0 & 1 & b\\ 0 & 0 & 1\\ \end \begin 1 & a' & c'\\ 0 & 1 & b'\\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extra Special Group
In group theory, a branch of abstract algebra, extraspecial groups are analogues of the Heisenberg group over finite fields whose size is a prime. For each prime ''p'' and positive integer ''n'' there are exactly two (up to isomorphism) extraspecial groups of order ''p''1+2''n''. Extraspecial groups often occur in centralizers of involutions. The ordinary character theory of extraspecial groups is well understood. Definition Recall that a finite group is called a ''p''-group if its order is a power of a prime ''p''. A ''p''-group ''G'' is called extraspecial if its center ''Z'' is cyclic of order ''p'', and the quotient ''G''/''Z'' is a non-trivial elementary abelian ''p''-group. Extraspecial groups of order ''p''1+2''n'' are often denoted by the symbol ''p''1+2''n''. For example, 21+24 stands for an extraspecial group of order 225. Classification Every extraspecial ''p''-group has order ''p''1+2''n'' for some positive integer ''n'', and conversely for each such number the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Center
In abstract algebra, the center of a group, , is the set of elements that commute with every element of . It is denoted , from German '' Zentrum,'' meaning ''center''. In set-builder notation, :. The center is a normal subgroup, . As a subgroup, it is always characteristic, but is not necessarily fully characteristic. The quotient group, , is isomorphic to the inner automorphism group, . A group is abelian if and only if . At the other extreme, a group is said to be centerless if is trivial; i.e., consists only of the identity element. The elements of the center are sometimes called central. As a subgroup The center of ''G'' is always a subgroup of . In particular: # contains the identity element of , because it commutes with every element of , by definition: , where is the identity; # If and are in , then so is , by associativity: for each ; i.e., is closed; # If is in , then so is as, for all in , commutes with : . Furthermore, the center of is always a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Group Action (mathematics)
In mathematics, a group action on a space is a group homomorphism of a given group into the group of transformations of the space. Similarly, a group action on a mathematical structure is a group homomorphism of a group into the automorphism group of the structure. It is said that the group ''acts'' on the space or structure. If a group acts on a structure, it will usually also act on objects built from that structure. For example, the group of Euclidean isometries acts on Euclidean space and also on the figures drawn in it. For example, it acts on the set of all triangles. Similarly, the group of symmetries of a polyhedron acts on the vertices, the edges, and the faces of the polyhedron. A group action on a vector space is called a representation of the group. In the case of a finite-dimensional vector space, it allows one to identify many groups with subgroups of , the group of the invertible matrices of dimension over a field . The symmetric group acts on any set wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General Linear Group
In mathematics, the general linear group of degree ''n'' is the set of invertible matrices, together with the operation of ordinary matrix multiplication. This forms a group, because the product of two invertible matrices is again invertible, and the inverse of an invertible matrix is invertible, with identity matrix as the identity element of the group. The group is so named because the columns (and also the rows) of an invertible matrix are linearly independent, hence the vectors/points they define are in general linear position, and matrices in the general linear group take points in general linear position to points in general linear position. To be more precise, it is necessary to specify what kind of objects may appear in the entries of the matrix. For example, the general linear group over R (the set of real numbers) is the group of invertible matrices of real numbers, and is denoted by GL''n''(R) or . More generally, the general linear group of degree ''n'' over any ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Automorphism
In mathematics, an automorphism is an isomorphism from a mathematical object to itself. It is, in some sense, a symmetry of the object, and a way of mapping the object to itself while preserving all of its structure. The set of all automorphisms of an object forms a group, called the automorphism group. It is, loosely speaking, the symmetry group of the object. Definition In the context of abstract algebra, a mathematical object is an algebraic structure such as a group, ring, or vector space. An automorphism is simply a bijective homomorphism of an object with itself. (The definition of a homomorphism depends on the type of algebraic structure; see, for example, group homomorphism, ring homomorphism, and linear operator.) The identity morphism (identity mapping) is called the trivial automorphism in some contexts. Respectively, other (non-identity) automorphisms are called nontrivial automorphisms. The exact definition of an automorphism depends on the type of "mathematical ob ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endomorphism
In mathematics, an endomorphism is a morphism from a mathematical object to itself. An endomorphism that is also an isomorphism is an automorphism. For example, an endomorphism of a vector space is a linear map , and an endomorphism of a group is a group homomorphism . In general, we can talk about endomorphisms in any category. In the category of sets, endomorphisms are functions from a set ''S'' to itself. In any category, the composition of any two endomorphisms of is again an endomorphism of . It follows that the set of all endomorphisms of forms a monoid, the full transformation monoid, and denoted (or to emphasize the category ). Automorphisms An invertible endomorphism of is called an automorphism. The set of all automorphisms is a subset of with a group structure, called the automorphism group of and denoted . In the following diagram, the arrows denote implication: Endomorphism rings Any two endomorphisms of an abelian group, , can be added toge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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