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Bituriges Vivisci
The Bituriges Vivisci (Gaulish: ''Biturīges Uiuisci'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling near modern-day Bordeaux during the Roman period. They had a homonym tribe, the Bituriges Cubi in the Berry region, which could indicate a common origin, although there is no direct of evidence of this. Name They are mentioned as ''Bitourígōn te tō͂n Ou̓iouískōn'' (Βιτουρίγων τε τῶν Οὐιουίσκων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Bituriges liberi cognomine Vivisci'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Bitoúrges oi̔ Ou̓ibískoi'' (Βιτούργες οἱ Οὐιβίσκοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym ''Biturīges'' means 'kings of the world', or possibly 'perpetual kings'. It derives from the stem ''bitu-'' ('world', perhaps also 'perpetual'; cf. OIr. ''bith'' 'world, life, age', ''bith''- 'eternally', Old Welsh ''bid'', OBret. ''bit'' 'world') attached to ''riges'' ('kings'; sing. ''rix''). Whether the meaning 'perpetual' was already associated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bituriges Vivisci
The Bituriges Vivisci (Gaulish: ''Biturīges Uiuisci'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling near modern-day Bordeaux during the Roman period. They had a homonym tribe, the Bituriges Cubi in the Berry region, which could indicate a common origin, although there is no direct of evidence of this. Name They are mentioned as ''Bitourígōn te tō͂n Ou̓iouískōn'' (Βιτουρίγων τε τῶν Οὐιουίσκων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Bituriges liberi cognomine Vivisci'' by Pliny (1st c. AD), and as ''Bitoúrges oi̔ Ou̓ibískoi'' (Βιτούργες οἱ Οὐιβίσκοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). The Gaulish ethnonym ''Biturīges'' means 'kings of the world', or possibly 'perpetual kings'. It derives from the stem ''bitu-'' ('world', perhaps also 'perpetual'; cf. OIr. ''bith'' 'world, life, age', ''bith''- 'eternally', Old Welsh ''bid'', OBret. ''bit'' 'world') attached to ''riges'' ('kings'; sing. ''rix''). Whether the meaning 'perpetual' was already associated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Garonne
The Garonne (, also , ; Occitan, Catalan, Basque, and es, Garona, ; la, Garumna or ) is a river of southwest France and northern Spain. It flows from the central Spanish Pyrenees to the Gironde estuary at the French port of Bordeaux – a length of , of which is in Spain (Val d'Aran); The Ratera-Saboredo cirque has been pointed by many researchers as the origin of the Garonne.Faura i Sans (M.); Sobre hidrología subterránea en los Pirineos Centrales de Aragón y Cataluña. Bol. de la Real Soc. de Hist. Nat, vom. XVI, pgs. 353-354. Madrid, 1916. The third thesis holds that the river rises on the slopes of Pic Aneto at above sea level and flows by way of a sinkhole known as the '' Forau de Aigualluts'' () through the limestone of the Tuca Blanca de Pomèro and a resurgence in the Val dera Artiga above the Aran Valley in the Spanish Pyrenees. This underground route was suggested by the geologist Ramond de Carbonnières in 1787, but there was no confirmation until 1931, whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical Celtic Peoples
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems of the p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Peoples Of Gaul
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celts, Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age Europe, Iron Age and the Roman Gaul, Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spoke Gaulish, a continental Celtic language. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of La Tène culture north and west of the Alps. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into Northern Italy (Cisalpine Gaul), leading to the Roman–Gallic wars, and Gallic invasion of the Balkans, into the Balkans, leading to Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC), war with the Greeks. These l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (; ; 12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman people, Roman general and statesman. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in Caesar's Civil War, a civil war, and subsequently became Roman dictator, dictator from 49 BC until Assassination of Julius Caesar, his assassination in 44 BC. He played a critical role in Crisis of the Roman Republic, the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. In 60 BC, Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power as were opposed by the within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gallic Wars
The Gallic Wars were waged between 58 and 50 BC by the Roman general Julius Caesar against the peoples of Gaul (present-day France, Belgium, Germany and Switzerland). Gallic, Germanic, and British tribes fought to defend their homelands against an aggressive Roman campaign. The Wars culminated in the decisive Battle of Alesia in 52 BC, in which a complete Roman victory resulted in the expansion of the Roman Republic over the whole of Gaul. Though the Gallic military was as strong as the Romans, the Gallic tribes' internal divisions eased victory for Caesar. Gallic chieftain Vercingetorix's attempt to unite the Gauls under a single banner came too late. Caesar portrayed the invasion as being a preemptive and defensive action, but historians agree that he fought the Wars primarily to boost his political career and to pay off his debts. Still, Gaul was of significant military importance to the Romans. Native tribes in the region, both Gallic and Germanic, had attac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Venceslas Kruta
Venceslas Kruta (born 4 November 1939) is a French archaeologist and historian. He is the director of European protohistory studies at the École pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Professor emeritus at the Sorbonne University. Kruta has also directed the Centre d'Études Celtiques in Paris and the journal ''Études Celtiques,'' and has chaired the editorial board of the journal ' (CNRS). Kruta specializes on the protohistory of Europe, more specifically the commercial and cultural relations between Central Europe and the Mediterranean. He has directed numerous excavation sites, most notably the parvis of Notre-Dame and the Square Court of the Louvre in Paris. Kruta is a member of the German Archaeological Institute, the Real Academia de la Historia, the Istituto Nazionale di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, and the . Biography Venceslas Kruta was born on 4 November 1939 in Saumur, Pays de la Loire. He studied prehistory and archeology at Masaryk University in Czechoslovakia be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquitani
The Aquitani were a tribe that lived in the region between the Pyrenees, the Atlantic ocean, and the Garonne, in present-day southwestern France in the 1st century BCE. The Romans dubbed this region ''Gallia Aquitania''. Classical authors such as Julius Caesar and Strabo clearly distinguish the Aquitani from the other peoples of Gaul, and note their similarity to others in the Iberian Peninsula. During the process of Romanization, the Aquitani gradually adopted Latin (Vulgar Latin) and the Roman civilization. Their old language, the Aquitanian language, was a precursor of the Basque language Trask, L. ''The History of Basque'' Routledge: 1997 and the substrate for the Gascon language (one of the Romance languages) spoken in Gascony. History At the time of the Roman conquest, Julius Caesar, who defeated them in his campaign in Gaul, describes them as making up a distinct part of Gaul: Despite apparent cultural and linguistic connections to (Vascones), the area of Aquitania ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burdigala
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called ''"Bordelais"'' (masculine) or ''"Bordelaises"'' (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region. The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 260,958 in 2019 within its small municipal territory of , With its 27 suburban municipalities it forms the Bordeaux Metropolis, in charge of metropolitan issues. With a population of 814,049 at the Jan. 2019 census. it is the fifth most populated in France, after Paris, Lyon, Marseille and Lille and ahead of Toulouse. Together with its suburbs and exurbs, except satellite cities of Arcachon and Libourne, the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,363,711 that same year (Jan. 2019 census), making ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medulli
The Medulli (Gaulish: ''Medulloi'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper valley of Maurienne, around present-day Modane (Savoie), during the Iron Age and Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Medullorum'' by Vitruvius (late 1st c. BC), ''Méd(o)ulloi'' (Μέδυλλοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), ''Medulli'' by Pliny (1st c. AD),Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia''3:20 and as ''Medoúllous'' (Μεδούλλους) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD)., s.v. ''Medulli''. The ethnonym ''Medulli'' is a latinized form of Gaulish ''Medulloi''. It is generally derived from the Celtic root ''medu''-, meaning 'mead, alcoholic drink' (cf. Olr. ''mid'', MW. ''medd'', OBret. ''medot''), and thus may be translated as 'those who drink mead'. This interpretation is encouraged by the mention, in Vitruvius' '' De architetura'', of a "kind of water" (''genus aquae'') drunk by the Medulli. Alternatively, Javier de Hoz has proposed to glose the name as 'those who lived in the middle', or 'in the border ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cadurci
The Cadurci were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the later region of Quercy during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Cadurcus'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Kadou͂rkoi'' (Καδοῦρκοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD) and Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Cadurci'' by Pliny (1st c. AD)., s.v. ''Cadurci''. The etymology of the ethnonym ''Cadurci'' remains uncertain. Pierre-Yves Lambert has proposed to interpret it as a haplology (loss of syllabe) for the Gaulish compound ''Catu-turci'' ('battle-boars'), formed with the root ''catu-'' ('combat, battle') attached to the plural of ''turcos'' ('wild boar'). The city of Cahors, attested ca. 400 AD as ''civitas Cadurcorum'' ('civitas of the Cadurci', ''Cauricio'' in 1200, ''Caurs'' 1279), and the region of Quercy, attested in 565 AD as ''Cadurcinus'' (''pagus Catorcinus'' in 628, ''Caercino'' in 1095, with Latin suffix ''-inus''), are named after the Gallic tribe. Geography The Cadurci dwelled in the regio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitiobroges
The Nitiobroges (Gaulish language, Gaulish: *''Nitiobrogis'', 'the indigenous') were a Gauls, Gallic tribe dwelling on the middle Garonne, Garonne river, around their chief town Aginnon (modern-day Agen), during La Tène culture, Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Nitiobroges'' (var. ''nitiobriges'', ''iciobriges''), ''Nitiobrogum'' and ''Nitiobrogibus'' (var. ''nit[h]iobrigibus'', ''nithiobrogibus'') by Julius Caesar, Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Nitiobroges'' (var. ''antobroges'') by Pliny the Elder, Pliny (1st c. AD), ''Nitióbriges'' (Νιτιόβριγες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Nisiobroges'' by Sidonius Apollinaris (5th c. AD). The name is also attested as ''Nitiobrogeis'' (νιτιοβρογεις) on an inscription written on a torc with the Greek alphabet, found in Mailly-le-Camp and dated to the mid-1st century BC. The ethnonym ''Nitiobroges'' is a latinized form of the Gaulish language, Gaulish *''Nitiobrogis'' (sing. ''Nitiobrox''), w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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