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Bernart Marti
Bernart Marti was a troubadour, composing poems and satires in Occitan, in the mid-twelfth century. They show that he was influenced by his contemporaries Marcabru and knew Peire d'Alvernha, who, in one poem, he accused of abandoning holy orders. Along with Peire, Gavaudan and Bernart de Venzac Bernart de Venzac ( fl. 1180–1210) was an obscure troubadour from Venzac near Rodez in the Rouergue. He wrote in the Marcabrunian style, leaving behind five moralising pieces (two '' cansos'' and three '' sirventes'') and one religious ' ... he is sometimes placed in a hypothetical Marcabrunian school. His work is "enigmatic, ironic, and satiric", but has no following among later troubadours, according to Gaunt and Kay. Works Nine or ten of Marti's poems survive; the following have been attributed to him: *''A, senhors, qui so cuges '' *''Amar dei '' *''Belha m'es la flors d'aguilen'' *''Bel m'es lai latz la fontana '' *''Companho, per companhia '' *''D'entier vers far ieu non pes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troubadour
A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a ''trobairitz''. The troubadour school or tradition began in the late 11th century in Occitania, but it subsequently spread to the Italian and Iberian Peninsulas. Under the influence of the troubadours, related movements sprang up throughout Europe: the Minnesang in Germany, ''trovadorismo'' in Galicia and Portugal, and that of the trouvères in northern France. Dante Alighieri in his ''De vulgari eloquentia'' defined the troubadour lyric as ''fictio rethorica musicaque poita'': rhetorical, musical, and poetical fiction. After the "classical" period around the turn of the 13th century and a mid-century resurgence, the art of the troubadours declined in the 14th century and around the time of the Black Death (1348) it died out. The texts of troubadou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Occitan Language
Occitan (; oc, occitan, link=no ), also known as ''lenga d'òc'' (; french: langue d'oc) by its native speakers, and sometimes also referred to as ''Provençal'', is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken in Southern France, Monaco, Italy's Occitan Valleys, as well as Spain's Val d'Aran; collectively, these regions are sometimes referred to as Occitania, Occitània. It is also spoken in Calabria (Southern Italy) in a linguistic enclave of Cosenza area (mostly Guardia Piemontese). Some include Catalan language, Catalan in Occitan, as the Linguistic distance, distance between this language and some Occitan dialects (such as the Gascon language) is similar to the distance between different Occitan dialects. Catalan was considered a dialect of Occitan until the end of the 19th century and still today remains its closest relative. Occitan is an official language of Catalonia, where a subdialect of Gascon known as Aranese dialect, Aranese is spoken in the Val d'Aran. Since Sept ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marcabru
Marcabru (; floruit, fl. 1130–1150) is one of the earliest troubadours whose poems are known. There is no certain information about him; the two ''vida (Occitan literary form), vidas'' attached to his poems tell different stories, and both are evidently built on hints in the poems; not on independent information. According to the brief life in BnF ms. 12473, ''Marcabrun'' was from Gascony (details of the dialect of his poems support this) and was the son of a poor woman named Marcabrunela. This evidently comes from a reading of poem 293,18. According to the longer biography in MS. Vat. Lat. 5232 ''Marcabru'' was abandoned at a rich man's door, and no one knew his origin. He was brought up by Aldric del Vilar, learned to make poetry from Cercamon, was at first nicknamed ''Pan-perdut'' and later ''Marcabru''. He became famous, and the lords of Gascony, about whom he had said many bad things, eventually put him to death. This appears to be based on poems 16b,1 and 293,43 (an excha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peire D'Alvernha
Peire d'Alvernhe or d'Alvernha (''Pèire'' in modern Occitan; b. c. 1130) was an Auvergnat troubadour (active 1149–1170) with twenty-oneGaunt and Kay, 287. or twenty-fourEgan, 72.Aubrey, ''The Music of the Troubadours'', 8. surviving works. He composed in an "esoteric" and "formally complex" style known as the ''trobar clus''. He stands out as the earliest troubadour mentioned by name in Dante's ''Divine Comedy''. Life According to his ''vida'', Peire was a burgher's son from the Diocese of Clermont.Egan, 71. As testified to by his ''vida'', his popularity was great within his lifetime and afterwards. Said to be handsome, charming, wise, and learned, he was "the first good inventor of poetry to go beyond the mountains" (i.e. the Pyrenees) and travel in Spain. He passed his time in Spain at the court of Alfonso VII of Castile Alphons (Latinized ''Alphonsus'', ''Adelphonsus'', or ''Adefonsus'') is a male given name recorded from the 8th century (Alfonso I of Asturias, r. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gavaudan
GavaudanHis Occitan name is also found as ''Gavaudas'' in the accusative and, by extension, ''Gavauda'' in the nominative. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French scholarship used to call him ''le Vieux'' (the Old), but there is no basis for this. ( 11951215, known in 1212–1213) was a troubadour and hired soldier () at the courts of both Raymond V and Raymond VI of Toulouse and later on in Castile. He was from Gévaudan, as his name (probably a nickname) implies. He wrote moralising lyrics, either religious or political, and ten of his works survive, including five ''sirventes'', two ''pastorelas'', one ''canso'', one ''planh'' for an anonymous ''domna'' (lady), and one Crusade song. He is sometimes clumped in a primitive Marcabrunian "school" of poetry alongside Bernart Marti, Bernart de Venzac, and Peire d'Alvernhe. He developed a hermetic style, combining elements of the ''trobar ric'' and ''trobar clus.'' Pastorelas Gavaudan composed two customarily dated to aroun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernart De Venzac
Bernart de Venzac (floruit, fl. 1180–1210) was an obscure troubadour from Venzac near Rodez in the Rouergue. He wrote in the Marcabrunian style, leaving behind five moralising pieces (two ''Canso (song), cansos'' and three ''sirventes'') and one religious ''alba (poetry), alba''. Two of his works were confused by copyists with those of Marcabru in some manuscripts. Bernart's career can be dated because of references in his poetry to his patron, Hugh II of Rodez. In his poem ''Iverns vay e.l temps tenebros'' he even prays to his recently deceased patron requesting him change any "false" words in his poem to right ones: ''Prec que.l mot fals en sian ras / Pel compte N'Uc, en qui es dos''. Whether this request was at all serious or merely a form of courtly flattery is not known, but the latter is suspected. Since Hugh died in 1208, this poem is usually dated to late that year or early 1209. Another reference, to the peace ''del bisb'e d'elh'' ("of the bishop and him [Hugh]"), p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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