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Ben Arafa
Mohammed Ben Aarafa ( ar, محمد بن عرفة), or Ben Arafa (1886 – 17 July 1976), was a paternal first cousin once removed of Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco; he was put in Mohammed V's place by the French after they exiled Mohammed V to Madagascar in August 1953. His reign as "Mohammed VI" was not recognized in the Spanish-protected part of Morocco. Protests against Ben Aarafa helped lead to Moroccan independence, which was agreed to between France and Mohammed V, after his abdication in October 1955. Nomenclature In Morocco, the subject of this article is "known simply as 'Mohammed ben Arafa', as if he came from an ordinary family of Fez, where patronymics in 'Ben' are very common, and is no longer acknowledged as heir to the sharifan and royal line." Others, including notable historians like Charles-André Julien, Michel Abitbol and Bernard Lugan have chosen to refer to him as ' Moulay' (prince) 'ben Arafa', rather than the traditional 'Sidi Mohammed ben Arafa', used by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011. Having emerged in the 1st century, it is named after the Arabs, Arab people; the term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula, as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece. Since the 7th century, Arabic has been characterized by diglossia, with an opposition between a standard Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestige language—i.e., Literary Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Classical Arabic—and diverse vernacular varieties, which serve as First language, mother tongues. Colloquial dialects vary significantly from MSA, impeding mutual intelligibility. MSA is only acquired through formal education and is not spoken natively. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sidi
''Sidi'' or ''Sayidi'', also Sayyidi and Sayeedi, ( ar, سيدي, Sayyīdī, Sīdī (dialectal) "milord") is an Arabic masculine title of respect. ''Sidi'' is used often to mean "saint" or "my master" in Maghrebi Arabic and Egyptian Arabic. Without the first person possessive object pronoun ''-ī'' (ي-), the word is used similarly in other dialects, in which case it would be the equivalent to modern popular usage of the English '' Mr''. It is also used in dialects such as Eastern Arabic, as well as by Muslims of the Indian subcontinent in the Urdu language where, however, it does not have as much currency as ''Sayyid (same spelling: سيد)'', ''Janab'' or ''Sahib''. Specific usage Occasionally a respected member of Muslim society will be given the title ''Sidi'' by default in recognition of upright standing and wisdom. This especially applies to marabouts, hence the term appears in places and mosques named after one. Morocco *''Sidi'', the title, translated as 'Lord', used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustin Guillaume
Augustin Léon Guillaume (30 July 1895 – 9 March 1983) was a French general. He served in the French Army beginning in 1913, during World War I and World War II. From August 1951 to May 1954, he served as the Resident-General in French Morocco, and was responsible for the deposition and exile of Mohammed V. He ended his career as Chief of the Defence Staff and Chairman of the NATO Chief of Staffs' Committee from 1954–1956. at Generals.dk He was born in , Hautes-Alpes
Hautes-Alpes (; oc, Auts Aups; en, Upper Alps) is ...
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Presses Universitaires De France
Presses universitaires de France (PUF, English: ''University Press of France''), founded in 1921 by Paul Angoulvent (1899–1976), is the largest French university publishing house. Recent company history The financial and legal structure of the Presses Universitaires de France were completely restructured in 2000 and the original cooperative structure was abandoned. Companies that took stakes in PUF included Flammarion Publishing (17% in 2000, 18% currently) and insurer Maaf Assurances (9%, 8% currently). In 2006, another insurance giant Garantie Mutuelle des Fonctionnaires (GMF) injected capital into the PUF, taking a 16,4% stake in the publisher. A similar tendency toward the constitution of an oligopoly has been observed by French newspapers, with titles like ''Le Monde'', ''Libération'' or even ''L'Humanité'' accepting to turn themselves toward private financing. Que sais-je? Almost all French students know the collection ''Que sais-je? "Que sais-je?" (QSJ) (; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Treaty Of Fez
The Treaty of Fes ( ar, معاهدة فاس, ), officially the Treaty Concluded Between France and Morocco on 30 March 1912, for the Organization of the French Protectorate in the Sherifien Empire (), was a treaty signed by Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco under duress and French diplomat on 30 March 1912. It established the French protectorate in Morocco, and remained in effect until the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration of 2 March 1956. The treaty gave France the right to occupy certain parts of the country with the pretext of protecting the Sultan from internal opposition, and to hold actual reins of power while preserving the mask of indirect rule consisted of the Sultan and the Sharifian government. Under the terms, the French Resident-General held absolute powers in external as well as internal affairs, and was the only one capable of representing Morocco in foreign countries. The Sultan however, retained the right to sign the decrees ( dahirs), which were submitted by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Protectorate In Morocco
The French protectorate in Morocco (french: Protectorat français au Maroc; ar, الحماية الفرنسية في المغرب), also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco between 1912 to 1956. The protectorate was officially established 30 March 1912, when Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the Treaty of Fez, though the French military occupation of Morocco had begun with the invasion of Oujda and the bombardment of Casablanca in 1907. The French protectorate lasted until the dissolution of the Treaty of Fez on 2 March 1956, with the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration. Morocco's independence movement, described in Moroccan historiography as the Revolution of the King and the People, restored the exiled Mohammed V but it did not end French presence in Morocco. France preserved its influence in the country, including a right to station French troops and to have a say in Morocco's foreign policy. French settlers also maintained their rights and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lalla Abla Bint Tahar
Princess Lalla Abla bint Tahar (5 September 1909 – 1 March 1992) was the second wife of Mohammed V of Morocco. She was the daughter of ''Moulay'' Mohammed al-Tahar bin Hassan, a son of Sultan Hassan I of Morocco and twin brother of Sultan Moulay Yusef. She also had Glaoua origins, Abdessadeq el Glaoui explained in his 2004 publication that "Lalla Abla was chosen in the house Glaoui". She married her first cousin Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco in 1928 or 1926. Her elder sister Princess Lalla Hania bint Tahar married Sultan Mohammed Ben Aarafa of Morocco. She had five children: * Hassan II (9 July 1929 – 23 July 1999). * Lalla Aicha (17 June 1931 – 4 September 2011). * Lalla Malika (14 March 1933 – 28 September 2021). * Moulay Abdallah (30 July 1935 – 20 December 1983). * Lalla Nuzha (29 October 1940 – 2 September 1977). Her oldest sister, Lalla Hania bint Tahar, married Mohammed V's distant relative Mohammed Ben Aarafa Mohammed Ben Aarafa ( ar, محمد بن عر ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thami El Glaoui
Thami El Glaoui ( ar, التهامي الكلاوي; 1879–23 January 1956) was the Pasha of Marrakesh from 1912 to 1956. His family name was el Mezouari, from a title given an ancestor by Ismail Ibn Sharif in 1700, while El Glaoui refers to his chieftainship of the Glaoua (Glawa) tribe of the Berbers of southern Morocco, based at the Kasbah of Telouet in the High Atlas and at Marrakesh. El Glaoui became head of the Glaoua upon the death of his elder brother, Si el-Madani, and as an ally of the French protectorate in Morocco, conspired with them in the overthrow of Sultan Mohammed V. On October 25 of 1955, El-Glaoui announced his acceptance of Mohammed V's restoration as well as Morocco's independence. Early life and career Thami was born in 1879 in the Imezouaren family, in the Ait Telouet tribe, a clan of the Southern Glaoua. His family was originally in a place called Tigemmi n'Imezouaren in the Fatwaka tribe, near the Tassaout river. His father was the ''qaid'' of Tel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yusef Of Morocco
''Moulay'' Yusef ben Hassan ( ar, مولاي يوسف بن الحسن), born in Meknes on 1882 and died in Fes on 1927, was the Alaouite sultan of Morocco from 1912 to 1927. He was the son of Hassan ben Mohammed. Life Moulay Yusef was born in the city of Meknes to Sultan Hassan I. The identity of his mother is conflicted some sources note Lalla Um al-Khair as his mother, her last name is not recorded. Since she is the mother of his twin brother Moulay Mohammed al-Tahar. Some other sources state Lalla Ruqiya as his mother, her last name is not recorded either, she is cited as a Circassian slave from Syria. Sources claim this woman to be the favorite of his father, a harem slave concubine of Circassian origins according to some or Georgian origins according to others. Lalla Ruqiya might as well have been confused with Aisha the favorite of Hassan I a Georgian slave concubine bought in Syria by the ''vizir'' Sidi Gharnat and brought to the Sultan’s harem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Hafid Of Morocco
Abdelhafid of Morocco ( ar, عبد الحفيظ بن الحسن العلوي) or Moulay Abdelhafid (24 February 1875 – 4 April 1937) ( ar, عبد الحفيظ, links=no) was the Sultan of Morocco from 1908 to 1912 and a member of the Alaouite Dynasty. His younger brother, Abdelaziz of Morocco, preceded him. While Mulai Abdelhafid initially opposed his brother for giving some concessions to foreign powers, he himself became increasingly backed by the French and finally signed the protectorate treaty giving ''de facto'' control of the country to France. Hafidiya After his brother Abdelaziz appointed him as caliph of Marrakesh, Abdelhafid sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by Madani al-Glaoui, older brother of T'hami, one of the Caids of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by Andrew Belton (Kaid), a British officer and veteran of the Second Boer War. In February 1908, Abdelhafid wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdelaziz Of Morocco
''Mawlay'' Abd al-Aziz bin Hassan ( ar, عبد العزيز بن الحسن), born on 24 February 1881 in Marrakesh and died on 10 June 1943 in Tangier, was a sultan of Morocco from 9 June 1894 to 21 August 1908, as a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. He was proclaimed sultan at the age of sixteen after the death of his father Hassan I. Mawlay Abd al-Aziz tried to strengthen the central government by implementing a new tax on agriculture and livestock, a measure which was strongly opposed by sections of the society. This in turn led Abd al-Aziz to mortgage the customs revenues and to borrow heavily from the French, which was met with widespread revolt and a revolution that deposed him in 1908 in favor of his brother Abd al-Hafid. Reign Early reign Shortly before his death in 1894 Hassan I designed Mawlay Adb al-Aziz his heir, despite his young age, because his mother was his favorite. His mother is either Lalla Ruqiya or Aisha, the favorite, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hassan I Of Morocco
''Mawlay'' Hassan bin Mohammed ( ar, الحسن بن محمد, translit=al-Ḥassan bin Muḥammad), known as Hassan I ( ar, الحسن الأول, translit=al-Ḥassan al-Awwal), born in 1836 in Fes and died on 9 June 1894 in Tadla, was a sultan of Morocco from 12 September 1873 to 7 June 1894, as a ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. He was proclaimed sultan after the death of his father Mawlay Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman. Mawlay Hassan was among the most successful sultans. He increased the power of the makhzen in Morocco and at a time when so much of the rest of Africa was falling under foreign control, he brought in military and administrative reforms to strengthen the regime within its own territory, and he carried out an active military and diplomatic program on the periphery. He died on 9 June 1894 and was succeeded by his son Abd al-Aziz. Reign Early reign and rebe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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