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Battle Of Zanzur
The Battles of Zanzur or Battles of Janzur, were a series of battles that took place in 1911-1912 at Zanzur oasis, near Tripoli during the Italo-Turkish War. During the battles, the Italians unsuccessfully attacked the Turkish-Arab stronghold located approximately twelve miles from the Italian lines at Tripoli until finally achieving a victory on 20 September 1912. Background In 1911 as a part of its colonial plans for Africa, Italy lusted after the Ottoman Empire’s Tripolitania province. On 28 September 1911, the Italian Chargé d'Affaires presented the Turkish government in Constantinople with an ultimatum demanding that the Ottoman Empire consent to the military occupation of its North African province of Tripolitania by Italy within 24 hours. As its justification, Italy used the unfounded claim that the action was necessary to end the disorder and neglect of the territory. The Ottoman Empire refused and on 29 October 1911, the Italian government declared war on Turkey. At ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italo-Turkish War
The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War ( tr, Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Tripolitanian War", it, Guerra di Libia, "War of Libya") was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912. As a result of this conflict, Italy captured the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet, of which the main sub-provinces were Fezzan, Cyrenaica, and Tripoli itself. These territories became the colonies of Italian Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, which would later merge into Italian Libya. During the conflict, Italian forces also occupied the Dodecanese islands in the Aegean Sea. Italy agreed to return the Dodecanese to the Ottoman Empire in the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912. However, the vagueness of the text, combined with subsequent adverse events unfavourable to the Ottoman Empire (the outbreak of the Balkan Wars and World War I), allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on these islands in Article ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle And Massacre At Shar Al-Shatt
The Battle and massacre at Shar al-Shatt ( ''Shār’ ash-Shaṭ''; ''Sciara Sciat'' in Italian) occurred on 23 October 1911 in the village of Shar al-Shatt on the outskirts of Tripoli, Libya during the Italo-Turkish War. 378 Italian officers and men were killed in the fighting and the massacre of soldiers who had surrendered. The incident became known as the "Massacre of Italians at Sciara Sciat." Battle and massacre The Italian fleet appeared off Ottoman Tripoli on the evening of 28 September 1911; the city was quickly conquered by a force of 1,500 men. Despite the quick Italian conquest of the city of Tripoli and its surroundings from the Ottoman Empire by the first days of October, the interior of Ottoman Libya shortly thereafter broke out into revolt, with Italian authorities losing control over large areas of the region. Before the arrival of the Italian forces, cells led by Ottoman officers (called "Young Turks", like Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) encouraged native Libyans t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 In Libya
Year 191 ( CXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Apronianus and Bradua (or, less frequently, year 944 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 191 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Parthia * King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Vologases V. China * A coalition of Chinese warlords from the east of Hangu Pass launches a punitive campaign against the warlord Dong Zhuo, who seized control of the central government in 189, and held the figurehead Emperor Xian hostage. After suffering some defeats against the coalition forces, Dong Zhuo forcefully relocates the imperial capital from Luoyang to Chang'an. Before leaving, Dong Zhuo orders his troops to loot the tombs of the Ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1912 In The Ottoman Empire
Year 191 ( CXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Apronianus and Bradua (or, less frequently, year 944 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denomination 191 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Parthia * King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Vologases V. China * A coalition of Chinese warlords from the east of Hangu Pass Hangu Pass or Hanguguan is a pass separating the upper Yellow River and Wei valleys—the cradle of Chinese civilization and seat of its longtime capital Xi'an—from the fertile North China Plain. It lies on the south bank of the Yellow Rive ... launches a Campaign against Dong Zhuo, punitive campaign against the warlord Dong Zhuo, who seized control of the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Tripoli (1911)
The Battle of Tripoli was fought in October 1911, during the initial stages of the Italo-Turkish War, and saw the capture of Tripoli, capital city of Tripolitania (and present-day Libya), by Italian landing forces. It marked the beginning of the land campaign in Libya of the Italo-Turkish War as well as the beginning of the Italian colonization of Libya. Background The Kingdom of Italy, seeking to conquer Libya from the Ottoman Empire, declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 29 September 1911, starting the Italo-Turkish War. After the declaration of war, an Italian naval squadron under Admiral Luigi Faravelli was sent to patrol the Libyan coast, especially the waters off Tripoli; the Italian government wanted the fleet to bombard the forts of Tripoli, but Faravelli initially refrained from this, as he feared this would cause retaliation from the local Arab population against the Europeans living in the city, estimated to be about 2,000. Faravelli offered to take foreign citizens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balkan League
The League of the Balkans was a quadruple alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Eastern Orthodox kingdoms of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, which at the time still controlled much of Southeastern Europe. The Balkans had been in a state of turmoil since the early 1900s, with years of guerrilla warfare in Macedonia followed by the Young Turk Revolution, the protracted Bosnian Crisis, and several Albanian Uprisings. The outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War in 1911 had further weakened the Ottomans and emboldened the Balkan states. Under Russian influence, Serbia and Bulgaria settled their differences and signed an alliance, originally directed against Austria-Hungary on 13 March 1912,Crampton (1987) but by adding a secret chapter to it essentially redirected the alliance against the Ottoman Empire. Serbia then signed a mutual alliance with Montenegro, while Bulgaria did the same with Greece. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Ain Zara
The Battle of Ain Zara was fought in December 1911 during the Italo-Turkish War between the Kingdom of Italy and Ottoman Empire forces for the control of the oasis of Ain Zara, near Tripoli in modern Libya, where the Ottomans had established a fortified base. Background In October 1911, after the outbreak of the Italo-Turkish War, Italian troops landed in Tripolitania and captured Tripoli. Before being able to complete the occupation of Tripoli, the Italian forces needed to eliminate the threat posed by Ain Zara, an oasis 8 km south of Tripoli, which the Ottoman forces (including native Arab forces) had turned into a well-fortified position, garrisoned by 8,000 men with a battery of eight 87 mm Krupp guns. This was one of the most important Ottoman Army bases in Tripolitania, and several Ottoman counterattacks against Italian positions near Tripoli were launched from there. Battle On 4 December, an Italian force of 12,000 men in three columns moved towards Ain Zar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massacres During The Italo-Turkish War
A series of massacres were committed by Ottoman and Italian forces during the Italo-Turkish War. In October 1911, Ottoman forces massacred captured Italian troops at Sciara Sciat (Arabic: Shar al-Shatt). In reprisal, Italian troops massacred several thousand civilians in the Mechiya oasis. Background Italy invaded Ottoman Tripolitania (Ottoman Libya) in 1911 with the purpose of annexing the territory as an Italian colony; the Ottomans resisted the Italian invasion and the result was the Italo-Turkish War. Some Arabs collaborated with the Italians, mainly in the city of Tripoli, but those in the interior of Libya largely supported the Turks due to their shared religion. During the war Italian troops used indiscriminate violence many times to subdue the native civilians. Sciara Sciat massacre On 23 October 1911, Italian troops were attacked by a 10,000-strong Ottoman force while marching through the Mechiya oasis, at a place called Sciara Sciat. Some accounts stated that Turkish fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chargé D'affaires
A ''chargé d'affaires'' (), plural ''chargés d'affaires'', often shortened to ''chargé'' (French) and sometimes in colloquial English to ''charge-D'', is a diplomat who serves as an embassy's chief of mission in the absence of the ambassador. The term is French for "charged with business", meaning they are responsible for the duties of an ambassador. ''Chargé'' is masculine in gender; the feminine form is ''chargée d'affaires''. A ''chargé'' enjoys the same privileges and immunities as an ambassador under international law, and normally these extend to their aides too. However, ''chargés d'affaires'' are outranked by ambassadors and have lower precedence at formal diplomatic events. In most cases, a diplomat serves as a ''chargé d'affaires'' on a temporary basis in the absence of the ambassador. In unusual situations, in cases where disputes between the two countries make it impossible or undesirable to send agents of a higher diplomatic rank, a ''chargé d'affaires'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janzour
Janzur or Janzour ( ar, جَنْزُور ), also known as Zanzur, is a city in north-western Libya, situated on the Libyan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, located in the west of the capital Tripoli, and East of Az-Zawiya. Residents of this city are called Janazrah (plural of Janzouri-one who is from Janzour). Janzour consists of Eight major areas, namely Janzour As-Souq (جنزور السوق) and Janzour Al-Garbiyah (جنزور الغربية) and Janzour Ash-Sharqiya (جنزور الشرقية) and Janzour Al-wasat (جنزور الوسط) and AL-gheiran (الغيران) and An-Njila (النجيلة) and As-Sayad (الصياد) and Alhachan (الحشان). History Naming and population Indigenous peoples are Mejres (مجريس) and Tasa (تاسا), They are sons of one father claims Wkhian (وخيعن), from the tribe of Houara, but today the city is considered far from tribalism, and mixed from several origins of Houara of sons of Gharyan and Mslath, Misrata and Tarhona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janzur
Janzur or Janzour ( ar, جَنْزُور ), also known as Zanzur, is a city in north-western Libya, situated on the Libyan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, located in the west of the capital Tripoli, and East of Az-Zawiya. Residents of this city are called Janazrah (plural of Janzouri-one who is from Janzour). Janzour consists of Eight major areas, namely Janzour As-Souq (جنزور السوق) and Janzour Al-Garbiyah (جنزور الغربية) and Janzour Ash-Sharqiya (جنزور الشرقية) and Janzour Al-wasat (جنزور الوسط) and AL-gheiran (الغيران) and An-Njila (النجيلة) and As-Sayad (الصياد) and Alhachan (الحشان). History Naming and population Indigenous peoples are Mejres (مجريس) and Tasa (تاسا), They are sons of one father claims Wkhian (وخيعن), from the tribe of Houara, but today the city is considered far from tribalism, and mixed from several origins of Houara of sons of Gharyan and Mslath, Misrata and Tarhona a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ottavio Ragni
Ottavio Ragni was an Italian general. He had been the governor of Tripolitania between (1912–1913). At the battle of Adwa, during the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, he led the 3rd Infantry Regiment Africa. At the beginning of World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ... he commanded the 1st corps of the 4th Italian army. Notes Italian colonial governors and administrators 1852 births 1919 deaths Italian military personnel of the First Italo-Ethiopian War Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War Italian military personnel of World War I People from the Romagnano Sesia {{Italy-mil-bio-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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