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Basque Conflict
The Basque conflict, also known as the Spain–ETA conflict, was an armed and political conflict from 1959 to 2011 between Spain and the Basque National Liberation Movement, a group of social and political Basque nationalism, Basque organizations which separatism, sought independence from Spain and France. The movement was built around the separatist organization ETA (separatist group), ETA, which had launched a campaign of attacks against Spanish administrations since 1959. ETA had been proscribed as a List of designated terrorist organizations, terrorist organization by the Spanish, British, French and U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, American authorities at different moments. The conflict took place mostly on Spanish soil, although to a smaller degree it was also present in France, which was primarily used as a safe haven by ETA members. It was the longest running violent conflict in modern Western Europe. It has been sometimes referred to as " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Active Separatist Movements In Europe
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession, though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria: # They are active movements with active members; # They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy); # They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country. Under each region listed is one or more of the following: * ''De facto'' state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy; * Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state; * Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession; ** De facto autonomous government: for g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Guard (Spain)
The Civil Guard ( es, Guardia Civil, link=no; ) is the oldest law enforcement agency in Spain and is one of two national police forces. As a national gendarmerie force, it is military in nature and is responsible for civil policing under the authority of both the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence. The role of the Ministry of Defence is limited except in times of war when the Ministry has exclusive authority. The corps is colloquially known as the ' (reputable). In annual surveys, it generally ranks as the national institution most valued by Spaniards, closely followed by other law enforcement agencies and the armed forces. It has both a regular national role and undertakes specific foreign peacekeeping missions and is part of the European Gendarmerie Force. As a national gendarmerie force, the Civil Guard was modelled on the French National Gendarmerie and has many similarities. As part of its daily duties, the Civil Guard patrols and investigates crimes in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Warriors Of Christ The King
The ''Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey'' (English: Warriors of Christ the King) was a Spanish far-right paramilitary organisation that operated in the late 1970s, primarily in the Basque Country and Madrid, but also in Navarre. They emerged at a time of factionism within the Carlist movement. Historically Carlism was a traditionalist, legitimist and Catholic movement, supporting a different monarchial line to the one occupying the Spanish throne. But when the succession fell to Carlos Hugo, he began to support a left-wing, social democrat ideology under the banner of the Carlist Party. This caused large scale conflict within the movement; many proclaimed his more traditionalist minded brother, Sixtus Henry, as Carlist regent. Probably the most notable incident involving the group was the Montejurra massacre of 1976, which happened during the annual Carlist pilgrimage to the Montejurra mountain in Navarre. During this attack, two supporters of the Carlos Hugo faction (Ricardo Garcí ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grupos Armados Españoles
The ''Grupos Armados Españoles'' (GAE) (English: Spanish Armed Groups) was a Spanish neo-fascist paramilitary organisation active from 1979 to 1980, primarily in the Basque Country. A report by the Office for Victims of Terrorism of the Basque Government in June 2010 attributed six murders to the group, and linked it to the National Police Corps, SECED and the Civil Guard. Attacks Attacks attributed to the Spanish Armed Groups: *28 September 1979: Assassination of Tomás Alba Irazusta, ''Herri Batasuna'' town councillor of Donostia in Astigarraga. *15 January 1980: Assassination of Carlos Saldise Corta (member of the '' Gestoras Pro Amnistía'') in Lezo. *20 January 1980: Alonsotegi bombing. four killed and 10 injured.(In SpanishEl grupo de ultraderecha GAE reivindica el atentado de Baracaldo Alleged links with Francoist repression The report of the Office of Victims of Terrorism of the Basque Government The Basque Government ( eu, Eusko Jaurlaritza, es, Gobierno Va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triple A (Spain)
The ''Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista'' (English: Anti-Communist Apostolic Alliance) was a Spanish far-right paramilitary organisation active from 1976 to 1983, primarily in the southern Basque Country but also in the French Basque Country and Barcelona. A June 2010 report by the Office for Victims of Terrorism of the Basque Government attributed eight murders with 66 deathly victims to the group and linked it to the National Police Corps, SECED and the Civil Guard. The group attacked the satirical magazine ''El Papus'' in Barcelona, killing one person and injuring 17. Attacks Attacks claimed by the Anti-Communist Apostolic Alliance: *27 July 1976: The group claimed responsibility for kidnapping ETA political-military leader Pertur. The ''Batallón Vasco Español'' later claimed responsibility for kidnapping and murdering Pertur. *16 December 1976: The group threatened Catalan singer Lluis Llach, attacking with machine guns at one of his concerts. *25 January 1977: Triple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Barrionuevo
José Barrionuevo (born 13 March 1942) is a Spanish politician. He was the minister of interior from 1982 to 1988. He was jailed from 1998 to 2001 due to his involvement in a dirty war against ETA members. Early life and education Barrionuevo was born in Berja near Almería in 1942. He obtained bachelor degrees in law and journalism. Career and activities Barrionuevo was a member of the pro-Franco student union where he likely met Rodolfo Martín Villa, then interior minister. Barrionuevo became a member of the Socialist Workers' Party. He served as deputy mayor of Madrid and was in charge of the municipal police. Barrionuevo was a member of the Parliament representing Madrid for four terms in the legislatures of III, IV, V, and VI. He was appointed interior minister on 3 December 1982 in the first government of Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez. He succeeded Juan José Rosón in the post. It was Rosón who advised Gonzalez to appoint Barrionuevo as interior minister. Barrionuevo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GAL (paramilitary Group)
GAL (an acronym for ''Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación'', "Antiterrorist Liberation Groups") were death squads illegally established by officials of the Spanish government to fight against ETA, the principal Basque separatist militant group. They were active from 1983 until 1987, under the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE)-led governments. At trial, it was proven that they were financed by important officials within the Spanish Ministry of the Interior. The Spanish daily newspaper '' El Mundo'' played an important role in revealing the plot when it ran a comprehensive series of articles on the matter. General history GAL operated mainly in the portion of the Basque country on the French side of the Spanish-French border, but kidnappings and tortures were also performed at various places in Spain. The victims (at least 27 dead and 26 injured) were either members of ETA or Basque nationalist activists, but some victims were not known to have links to ETA or any organ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Batallón Vasco Español
The ''Batallón Vasco Español'' (BVE) (English: Spanish Basque Battalion) sometimes associated with the Alianza Anticomunista (AAA) (English: Anti-Communist Alliance), Antiterrorismo ETA (English: ETA Antiterrorism) or Triple A (English: Triple A) was a Spanish neo-fascist parapolice organization present mainly in the Basque Country and Southern France. It began operations in 1975, a year and a half after the murder of Luis Carrero Blanco by ETA and disbanded by April 1981. Some of its former members joined an organization formed not long after, known as the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación. The use of violence by the BVE was reported by ETA and its allies, who identified it as violence committed directly by the Spanish government against the Basque population. Manuel Fraga, former interior minister who was in office when the BVE was formed, defended it by saying it was a group of mayors who self-defended because ETA was going after them but had no influence in the cour ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neo-fascism
Neo-fascism is a post-World War II far-right ideology that includes significant elements of fascism. Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment, as well as opposition to liberal democracy, social democracy, parliamentarianism, liberalism, Marxism, neoliberalism, communism, and socialism. As with classical fascism, it proposes a Third Position as an alternative to market capitalism. Allegations that a group is neo-fascist may be hotly contested, especially when the term is used as a political epithet. Some post–World War II regimes have been described as neo-fascist due to their authoritarian nature, and sometimes due to their fascination with and sympathy towards fascist ideology and rituals. Post-fascism is a label that has been applied to several European political parties which initiate an ideological revision by rejecting authoritarianism and participate in constit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Police (France)
The National Police (french: Police nationale), formerly known as the , is one of two national police forces of France, the other being the National Gendarmerie. The National Police is the country's main civil law enforcement agency, with primary jurisdiction in cities and large towns. By contrast, the National Gendarmerie has primary jurisdiction in smaller towns, as well as in rural and border areas. The National Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior and has about 145,200 employees (as of 2015). Young French citizens can fulfill their mandatory service (''Service national universel'') in the police force. The National Police operates mostly in cities and large towns. In that context, it conducts security operations such as patrols, traffic control and identity checks. Under the orders and supervision of investigating magistrates of the judiciary, it conducts criminal inquiries and serves search warrants. It also maintains specific services ('judic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Gendarmerie
The National Gendarmerie (french: Gendarmerie nationale, ) is one of two national law enforcement forces of France, along with the National Police. The Gendarmerie is a branch of the French Armed Forces placed under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior, with additional duties from the Ministry of Armed Forces. Its responsibilities include policing smaller towns, suburbs and rural areas, along with special subdivisions like the GSPR. By contrast, the National Police is a civilian law enforcement agency that is in charge of policing cities and larger towns. Because of its military status, the Gendarmerie also fulfills a range of military and defence missions, including having a cybercrime division. The Gendarmerie has a strength of around 102,269 people (as of 2018). The Gendarmerie is the heir of the , the oldest police force in France, dating back to the Middle Ages. The Gendarmerie has influenced the culture and traditions of gendarmerie forces around the world, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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