Banu Tujib
The Banu Tujib ( ar, بنو تجيب), the Tujibids ( ar, التجيبيون, al-Tujibiyyun, sing. Tujibi) or Banu al-Muhajir, were an Arab dynasty on the Upper March of Al-Andalus active from the ninth to the eleventh centuries. They were given control of Zaragoza and Calatayud by the Umayyads as a counterweight to the independence-minded Muwallad nobility of the region. In Zaragoza, they developed a degree of autonomy that served as the precursor to their establishment of an independent Taifa of Zaragoza after the collapse of the Caliphate of Córdoba. They ruled this taifa from 1018 until they were expelled by another Arab dynasty, the Banu Hud, in 1039. An exiled junior line of the family, known as the Banu Sumadih, established themselves as rulers of the Taifa of Almería, which they held for three generations, until 1090. Family origin The historian Ibn Hazm traced the Banu Tujib to two brothers who accompanied Musa ibn Nusayr from Egypt for his conquest of Iberia (early ...
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Kinda (tribe)
The Kinda ( ar, كِنْدَة, Ancient South Arabian script: 𐩫𐩬𐩵𐩩) were an tribes of Arabia, Arab tribe from South Arabia. As early as the 3rd century CE they served as Bedouin auxiliaries of the Sabaean Kingdom, followed by the Himyarite Kingdom. In the mid-5th century, the tribe established a kingdom over the Arab tribal confederation of Ma'add in northern and central Arabia, known as the Kingdom of Kinda, which lasted until the mid-6th century, by which point its rulers had all been killed or prompted to flee for the Hadramawt. There, the bulk of the tribe had continued to reside and dominate. While many of the tribesmen in Hadramawt likely embraced Judaism with the Himyarites, many of those in central and northern Arabia embraced Christianity. After accepting Islam during the lifetime of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (d. 632), their leading families revolted against the early Muslim state during the Ridda wars (632–633). The tribe was dealt a heavy blow, but surviv ...
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Banu Salama
The Banu Salama ( ar, بني سلمة) were an Arab Hejazi family that governed the regions of Huesca and Barbitanya (Barbastro) in the Upper March of Al-Andalus from c. 780-800 CE. In 800, the former ally of the Banu Salama, Bahlul Ibn Marzuq, rebelled in Zaragoza, defeating the Banu Salama's Arab allies along with the Banu Qasi in battle, taking the region and deposing the Banu Salama. Instrumental to their removal was the popular support garnered by Ibn Marzuq after public backing by theologian Ibn al-Mughallis Abdallāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (), better known as Ibn al-Mughallis (), was a medieval Arab Muslim theologian and jurist.Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings, trans. Franz Rosenthal. Vol. 1: General Introductio ....Göran Larsson, ''Ibn García's Shuʻūbiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval al-Andalus'', pgs. 77-78. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003. References Arab groups Al-Andalus dynasties Upper ...
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Muhammad Al-Tawil Of Huesca
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik al-Tawil ( ar, محمد بن عبد الملك الطويل, died 913 or 914) was a Muwallad Wāli of Huesca and a prominent Muslim lord in the Upper March ( ar, الثغر الأعلى , ''Aṯ-Ṯaḡr al-Aʿlà'') of Al-Andalus in the late-ninth and early-tenth centuries. Acting autonomously from his nominal masters the Emirs of Córdoba, he carried out his own foreign policy and fought both Christian and Muslim regional rivals, including the Counts of Barcelona, Pallars and Aragon, the King of Pamplona and the Banu Qasi of the Upper March. From him arose a short-lived dynasty, the Banu al-Tawil ( ar, بنو الطويل), who would rule Huesca, Barbastro and Lleida, off and on, for a century, eventually losing out to the Banu Tujib of Zaragoza. Background Muhammad al-Tawil was son of Abd al-Malik ibn Abd Allah ibn Shabrit, a local lord in the region of Huesca. He was a scion of the Banu Shabrit clan ( ar, بنو شبريط), the descendants ...
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Bernard I Of Ribagorza
Bernard I (or Bernardo, Bernhard) may refer to: * Bernard of Septimania, also known as Bernard I of Toulouse (born 795) * Bernard I of Poitiers (died 844) * Bernard I of Armagnac (died 995), called 'the Suspicious', first duke of Armagnac * Bernard I William of Gascony (died c. 1009) * Bernard I, Duke of Saxony (died 1011) * Bernard I of Bigorre, (962–1034) * Bernard I of Berga, count of Berga in 1035–1050 * Bernard II Tumapaler of Gascony (died 1064x1090), sometimes counted as Bernard I * Bernard I de Balliol (died 1164) * Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (died 1431) * Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (died 1434) * Bernardo I of Kongo Bernardo I of Kongo (died 1567) was a 16th-century manikongo (ruler) of the Kingdom of Kongo, a region encompassing areas in 21st-century Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. He came to power after murdering his half-brother Afonso II who ...

Sancho I Of Pamplona
Sancho Garcés I (Basque: ''Antso Ia. Gartzez''; c. 860 – 10 December 925), also known as Sancho I, was king of Pamplona from 905 until 925. He was the son of García Jiménez and was the first king of Pamplona of the Jiménez dynasty. Sancho I was the feudal ruler of the Onsella valley, and expanded his power to all the neighboring territories. He was chosen to replace Fortún Garcés by the Pamplonese nobility in 905. Biography Sancho Garcés was born around the year 860, son of García Jiménez and his second wife Dadildis de Pallars. Around the time of the death of King García Íñiguez he ruled the Onsella valley in the western part of the kingdom. He managed to take control of the city of Pamplona while Fortún Garcés was still king, aided by Alfonso III of Asturias and the Count of Pallars. Along with the Pamplonese nobility, they plotted to remove the king's children from the line of succession, which passed down to the king's granddaughter Toda, who was married ...
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Monzón
Monzón is a small city and municipality in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. Its population was 17,176 as of 2014. It is in the northeast (specifically the Cinca Medio district of the province of Huesca) and adjoins the rivers Cinca and Sosa. Historical overview Prehistory and Old Age The first signs of constant human occupation in the area of Monzón come from Neolithic. There have been found some archaeological remains of that era on the deposits Sosiles Altos and Peña Lucas. Most vestiges of civilization come from the Bronze Age, where it is assumed that people settled in the area between the rivers Cinca, Sosa and clamor. The ilergetes were the people occupying these areas, who were defeated in the 3rd century BC, producing the Romanization of the area from the 2nd century BC. In the hills of the Ermita de la Alegría (the shrine of Joy) and the cells were found remains of Roman dwellings, being this area a key point in the connections from the cities of Caesarau ...
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Lubb Ibn Muhammad
Lubb ibn Muhammad ibn Lubb () (? - 907), was a ''wali'' of Tudela (890-907) and Larida, as well as a prominent Muslim lord on the Upper March of Al-Andalus. Family Lubb was a member of the prominent Muwallad Muslim Banu Qasi clan; being the son of Muhammad ibn Lubb and descendant of Musa ''the Great''. Lubb ibn Muhammad had three sons: Abdallah ibn Lubb, who was murdered by Lubb's brother Mutarrif ibn Muhammad; Muhammad ibn Lubb, who would control some of the family properties in the 910s and 920s; and Furtun ibn Lubb, who was expelled from Larida after his father's death and converted to Christianity. Background In 889 because of a paralysis, Isma'il ibn Musa ceded power to his sons Mutarrif ibn Isma'il and Musa ibn Isma'il. These two went on a joint expedition to Barbitanya, where Musa was killed and Mutarrif captured by the ''wali'' of Huesca, Muhammad al-Tawil. Al-Tawil then launched a counter-attack which ended in the conquest of Larida. In order to limit his power, Umma ...
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Muhammad Ibn Lubb
Muhammad ibn Lubb ibn Musa (, k. outskirts of Zaragoza, 898), was a Muslim lord who at different times held Zaragoza and Larida, Mestre, 1998: p. 722, entry: "Muhammad ibn Llop" on the Upper March of Al-Andalus. Family Muhammad was son of Lubb ibn Musa (and thus grandson of the famous Musa ibn Musa ibn Qasi), from the prominent Muwallad Muslim Banu Qasi clan, of Visigothic or Hispano-Roman extraction. His mother was ʿAjub al-Balatuyya (Arabic: عَجَب البَلاطيَّة). He had at least six sons, Lubb, Musa, Yusuf, Abd Allah, Yunus and Mutarrif. Biography When his father and his uncles rebelled against emir Muhammad I of Córdoba, Muhammad ibn Lubb supported the emir leading an army that defeated his own uncle, Isma'il ibn Musa. In 882, he had already conquered Zaragoza, where attempted to rule independent of Córdoba lord, but faced with constant pressure of the Arab Banu Tujib clan ( ar, بنو تجيب), he was forced to sell Zaragoza to the emir by 8 ...
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Visier
Fernando Visier Segovia (born 3 February 1943, Madrid) is a Spanish chess player with the rank of FIDE Master. He won the Spanish Chess Championship twice. Biography He studied at CEIP San Ildefonso, a school founded in Madrid in 1543. While there, he was one of the choirboys who sang the results of the 1957 Spanish Christmas Lottery. He won the Spanish Chess Championship in 1968 and 1972. He represented Spain three times at Chess Olympiads: 1968 in Lugano, 1972 in Skopje, and 1974 in Nice. He represented Spain at the 1970 European Men's Team Chess Championship. He played for Spain at the Clare Benedict Chess Cup in 1967 (Leysin, Switzerland), 1968 (Bad Aibling, Germany), 1969 (Adelboden, Switzerland), 1970 (Paignton, England), 1972 (Vienna, Austria) and 1973 (Gstaad, Switzerland). In 2004, he was awarded a Silver Medal for services to sport in Castilla-La Mancha. Notable games and results These include: * 1968defeated Juan Betancort Curbelo in 31 moves * 19685.5/17 at the ...
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Abdullah Ibn Muhammad Al-Umawi
Abdullah may refer to: * Abdullah (name), a list of people with the given name or surname * Abdullah, Kargı, Turkey, a village * ''Abdullah'' (film), a 1980 Bollywood film directed by Sanjay Khan * '' Abdullah: The Final Witness'', a 2015 Pakistani drama film * Abdullah (band), an American metal band * Abdullah (horse) (1970–2000), a horse that competed in the sport of show jumping See also * Abdalla people, an ethnic group in Kenya * Abdollah (other) Abdollah may refer to: People * Abdollah Jassbi, Iranian academic * Abdollah Mojtabavi, Iranian sport wrestler * Abdollah Hedayat, Iranian army general * Abdollah Movahed, Iranian sport wrestler * Abdollah Nouri, Iranian reformist politician * A ...

Almería
Almería (, , ) is a city and municipality of Spain, located in Andalusia. It is the capital of the province of the same name. It lies on southeastern Iberia on the Mediterranean Sea. Caliph Abd al-Rahman III founded the city in 955. The city grew wealthy during the Islamic era, becoming a world city throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. It enjoyed an active port that traded silk, oil and raisins. Etymology The name "Almería" comes from the city's former Arabic name, ''Madīnat al-Mariyya'', meaning "city of the watchtower". As the settlement was originally port or coastal suburb of Pechina, it was initially known as ''Mariyyat al-Bajjāna'' (''Bajjāna'' being the Arabic name for Pechina). History The origin of Almería is connected to the 9th-century establishment of the so-called Republic of Pechina (Bajjana) some kilometres to the north, which was for a time autonomous from the Cordobese central authority: the settlement of current-day Almería initially developed as ...
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Dinar
The dinar () is the principal currency unit in several countries near the Mediterranean Sea, and its historical use is even more widespread. The modern dinar's historical antecedents are the gold dinar and the silver dirham, the main coin of the medieval Islamic empires, first issued in AH 77 (696–697 CE) by Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. The word "dinar" derives from the Latin " ''dēnārius''," a silver coin of ancient Rome, which was first minted about c.211 BCE. The English word "dinar" is the transliteration of the Arabic دينار (''dīnār''), which was borrowed via the Syriac ''dīnarā'', itself from the Latin ''dēnārius''. The Kushan Empire introduced a gold coin known as the ''dīnāra'' into India in the 1st century AD; the Gupta Empire and its successors up to the 6th century adopted the coin. The modern gold dinar is a projected bullion gold coin, not issued as official currency by any state. Legal tender Countries currently usi ...
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