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Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Byzantine Greeks and Ottoman Turks and their allies that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. The Byzantines, already having been in a weak state even before the partitioning of their Empire following the 4th Crusade, failed to recover fully under the rule of the Palaiologos dynasty. Thus, the Byzantines faced increasingly disastrous defeats at the hands of the Ottomans. Ultimately, they lost Constantinople in 1453, formally ending the conflicts (however, several Byzantine Holdouts lasted until 1479). Taking advantage of the situation, the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum began seizing territory in western Anatolia, until the Nicaean Empire was able to repulse the Seljuk Turks from the remaining territories still under Byzantine rule. Eventually Constantinople was re-taken from the Latin Empire in 1261 by the Nicaean Empire. The position of the Byza ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rise Of The Ottoman Empire
The rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality ( Turkish: ''Osmanlı Beyliği'') in , and ended . This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia, and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans, Anatolia, Middle East and North Africa. For this reason, this period in the empire's history has been described as the ''"Proto-Imperial Era"''. Throughout most of this period, the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region, and relied upon the support of local warlords Ghazis and vassals (Beys) to maintain control over their realm. By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state, a process which was achieved by Sultan Mehmed II (). The con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papal States
The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th century until the unification of Italy, which took place between 1859 and 1870, culminated in their demise. The state was legally established in the 8th century when Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, gave Pope Stephen II, as a temporal sovereign, lands formerly held by Arian Christian Lombards, adding them to lands and other real estate formerly acquired and held by the bishops of Rome as landlords from the time of Constantine onward. This donation came about as part of a process whereby the popes began to turn away from the Byzantine emperors as their foremost temporal guardians for reasons such as increased imperial taxes, disagreement with respect to iconoclasm, and failure of the emperors, or their exarchs in Italy, to pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey was a member of the Mihaloğlu family and one of the most important frontier warlords ('' uch bey'') of the Ottoman Balkans during the last phase of the civil war of the Ottoman Interregnum (1403–1413), and during the early years of Murad II's reign. Life and career According to the Ottomanist Franz Babinger, Mihaloğlu Mehmed was a son of Köse Mihal, a contemporary and companion of the founder of the Ottoman beylik, Osman I. Mehmed had four brothers, Yahşi or Bahşı, Aziz, Hızır, and Yusuf. Of them, only Yahşi, who died in 1413, is somewhat known. Ottoman Interregnum When Musa Çelebi moved against his brother Süleyman Çelebi, Mihaloğlu Mehmed joined the former, and led the attack against Edirne that resulted in the capture of the city and the overthrow and death of Süleyman in late 1410/early 1411. As a reward, Musa appointed Mihaloğlu as ''beylerbey'' (commander in chief and governor-general) for Rumelia, possibly as a counterweight to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musa Çelebi
Musa Çelebi ( 1402 – 5 July 1413) was an Ottoman dynasty, Ottoman prince and a co-ruler of the Ottoman Empire, empire for three years during the Ottoman Interregnum. Background Musa was one of the sons of Bayezid I, the fourth Ottoman sultan.Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007), ''The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman. Civil War of 1402–1413'', Brill, His mother was Devletşah Hatun. After the Battle of Ankara, in which Bayezid I was defeated by Tamerlane, he returned to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Interregnum, which was now in turmoil, and tried to access the throne in Bursa, the Anatolian capital of the empire in 1403. However, three of his brothers were also claimants to the Ottoman throne: İsa Çelebi in Balıkesir and Mehmed I, Mehmed Çelebi in Amasya (both in the Anatolian portion of the empire), Süleyman Çelebi in Edirne, the Rumeli (European) capital. (the Ottoman Empire at the time had two capitals, since the declining Byzantine Em ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hayreddin Pasha
Hayreddin Pasha (; 1820 – 30 January 1890) was an Ottoman Empire, Ottoman-Tunisian statesman and reformer, who was born to an Abkhazians, Abkhazian family. First serving as Prime Minister of Tunisia, Prime Minister of the Beylik of Tunis, he later achieved the high post of Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, serving from 4 December 1878 until 29 July 1879. He was a Ottoman Tunisia#Age of modern reform, political reformer during a period of growing European ascendancy. According to Dr. Abdul Azim Islahi, he was a pragmatic activist who reacted against poverty, and looked to European models for suggestions. He applied the Islamic concept of ''maslahah'' (or public interest), to economic issues. He emphasized the central role of justice and security in economic development. He was a major advocate of ''Tanzimat'' (or modernization) for Tunisia's political and economic systems. Youth in Abkhazia & Turkey Of Abkhaz people, Abkhaz origin, Hayreddin was born in Abkhazia into "a fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Süleyman Pasha (Ottoman Prince)
Suleiman Pasha (, also transliterated as "Sulayman Pasha", "Süleyman Pasha", "Suleyman Pasha", "Sulejman Pasha") may refer to one of the following persons: * Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) ( 1306–1357), Ottoman prince, son of Orhan * Hadım Suleiman Pasha (governor of Rumelia) ( 1474–1490), Ottoman governor of Rumelia and Anatolia * Hadım Suleiman Pasha (died 1547), Ottoman grand vizier and governor of Egypt * Süleyman Pasha (Venetian), ( 1599–1603), Ottoman governor of Algeria (1599–1603) * Sulejman Bargjini ( 1614), Ottoman general, founder of Tirana * Suleiman, sanjak-bey of Scutari (fl. 1685) * İzmirli Süleyman Pasha (died 1721), Ottoman kapudan pasha * Sarı Süleyman Pasha (died 1687), Ottoman grand vizier * Ermeni Suleyman Pasha (died 1687), Ottoman grand vizier * Sulayman Pasha the Great (died 1761), Mamluk ruler of Iraq * Sulejman-paša Skopljak ( 1804–17), Ottoman military commander and governor of Belgrade * Sulayman Pasha al-Adil ( 1750-1819), vali ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lala Shahin Pasha
Lala Shahin Pasha (; 1330 – after 1388), was an Ottoman military commander and first Beylerbey of Rumelia. He was instrumental in the early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, serving as a key commander under Sultan Murad I. He played a leading role in major campaigns, including the conquest of Adrianople and the Battle of Maritsa, and later governed the newly acquired territories. Early life Lala Shahin Pasha served as the ''lala'' (mentor) to Sultan Murad I, a role traditionally assigned to trusted advisors responsible for the education and training of Ottoman princes. When Murad I ascended to the throne in 1362, Shahin, considered his most reliable officer, was made Beglerbegi (commander-in-chief) of the Ottoman forces in Europe. Shahin became one of his most senior commanders and was instrumental in the Ottoman conquest of Thrace. Military campaigns In 1362, Shahin played a crucial role in the conquest of Adrianople (modern-day Edirne), which later became the empir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turgut Alp
Turgut Bey () was one of the warriors and Alp (title), Bey's who fought for Ertuğrul, a Turkoman (ethnonym), Turkoman leader and bey, and Ertuğrul's son Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. After the establishment of the Empire, he became one of its military commanders, serving Osman I, as well as his son, Orhan Gazi. Life During the early List of Ottoman sieges and landings, Ottoman Conquests in the reign of Osman I, Turgut Alp was sent to ''Angelacoma'' (present-day İnegöl) and he conquered the area. This area consisting some villages, was given to him by Osman I and his territory was called ''Turgut-ili (Province of Turgut)''. During the Siege of Bursa, Turgut Alp, along with Osman's warrior Köse Mihal, Mihal Gazi, participated in the conquest of ''Atranos'' Castle (later known as Orhaneli) in 1325, which played a key role in leading to the Ottoman conquest of Bursa during the reign of Sultan Orhan. He was also with Orhan during the Siege of Bursa, conquest of Bur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gündüz Bey
Gündüz or Gunduz is a masculine given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name * Gündüz Aktan (1941–2008), Turkish diplomat and politician *Gunduz Caginalp (died 2021), American mathematician of Turkish descent *Gündüz Gürol Azer (born 1980), Turkish football player *Gündüz Kılıç (1919–1980), Turkish football player and coach *Gündüz Tekin Onay (1942–2008), Turkish footballer and coach *Masatoshi Gündüz Ikeda (1926–2003), Turkish mathematician of Japanese ancestry *Gündüz Alp, brother or grandfather of Osman I Surname *Aka Gündüz (1886–1958), Turkish poet, composer and politician * Asım Gündüz (1880–1970), Turkish military officer *Asım Can Gündüz (1955–2016), Turkish rock and blues guitarist * Atakan Gündüz (born 2001), Turkish football player * Ömer Gündüz (born 2001), Dutch football player * Samet Gunduz (born 1987), Swiss football player of Turkish descent * Seyhan Gündüz (born 1980), Turkish football p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mehmed II
Mehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the Peace of Szeged, Treaties of Edirne and Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the Ottoman Navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he Fall of Constantinople, conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. After the conquest, Mehmed claimed the title Caesar (title), caesar of Roman Empire, Rome (), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Constantine the Great, Emperor Constantine I. The claim was soon reco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad II
Murad II (, ; June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451. Early life Murad was born in June 1404 to Mehmed I, while the identity of his mother is disputed according to various accounts. According to 15th century historian Şükrullah, Murad's mother was a concubine. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar, an early 20th century historian, wrote in his work ''Amasya Tarihi'' that his mother was Şahzade Hatun, daughter of Divitdar Ahmed Pasha. According to historians İsmail Hami Danişmend, and Heath W. Lowry, his mother was Emine Hatun, a Dulkadirids, Dulkadirid princess. He spent his early childhood in Amasya. In 1410, Murad came along with his father to the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman capital, Edirne. After his father ascended to the Ottoman throne, he made Murad governor of the Amasya Sanjak. Murad remained at Amasya until the death of Mehmed I in 1421. He was solemnly recognized as sultan of the Ottoman Sultanate at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
