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Buniapone
''Buniapone'' is a monotypic genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. ''Buniapone amblyops'', the single described species, is found in Southern and Southeast Asia. Etymology The genus name is derived from orang bunian, supernatural forest-living beings in Malay folklore, with the suffix ''-pone'' from the name of subfamily. Taxonomy The genus was established by Schmidt & Shattuck (2014) to house the single species ''Ponera amblyops'' (at the time a junior synonym ''Pachycondyla amblyops''), which was first described by Emery (1887) from worker specimen from the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The type species has a long and complicated taxonomic history, variously belonging to the genera ''Ponera'', ''Trapeziopelta'' (now '' Myopias''), ''Belonopelta'', ''Pachycondyla'', '' Pseudoponera'', '' Euponera'' and ''Pachycondyla''. One subspecies, ''B. amblyops oculatior'' from Indonesia, has been described. Molecular phylogeny by Schmidt (2013) resolved ''Buniapone'' as a sister ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ponerinae
Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group, with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera, including ''Dinoponera gigantea'' - one of the world's largest species of ant. Mated workers have replaced the queen as the functional egg-layers in several species of ponerine ants. In such queenless species, the reproductive status of workers can only be determined through ovarian dissections. Description and identification They are most easily identified from other subfamilies by possessing a single-node petiole with a constriction before the second gastral segment. They are rare examples of stinging ants. In addition to the sting, they can also be characterized by a single segmented petiole and the constriction of the first and second segment of the gaster. They can also be identified by the shape of their head. Female workers have twelve segmented antennae, whereas male workers have 13 segmented antennae. Behavior These ants typically nest in soil, for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ponerini
Ponerini is a tribe of Ponerinae ants with 46 genera and 6 extinct genera. Genera *''Anochetus'' *†'' Archiponera'' *''Asphinctopone'' *''Austroponera'' *''Belonopelta'' *''Boloponera'' *''Bothroponera'' *''Brachyponera'' *''Buniapone'' *''Centromyrmex'' *†''Cephalopone'' *''Cryptopone'' *†'' Cyrtopone'' *''Diacamma'' *''Dinoponera'' *''Dolioponera'' *''Ectomomyrmex'' *'' Emeryopone'' *'' Euponera'' *''Feroponera'' *''Fisheropone'' *''Hagensia'' *''Harpegnathos'' *''Hypoponera'' *''Iroponera'' *''Leptogenys'' *''Loboponera'' *''Mayaponera'' *''Megaponera'' *''Mesoponera'' *†'' Messelepone'' *''Myopias'' *''Neoponera'' *''Odontomachus'' *'' Odontoponera'' *''Ophthalmopone'' *''Pachycondyla'' *''Paltothyreus'' *'' Parvaponera'' *''Phrynoponera'' *'' Plectroctena'' *''Ponera'' *†'' Ponerites'' *'' Promyopias'' *†'' Protopone'' *'' Psalidomyrmex'' *'' Pseudoneoponera'' *'' Pseudoponera'' *'' Rasopone'' *'' Simopelta'' *'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paltothyreus
''Paltothyreus'' (also known as African stink ant) is a monotypic genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. ''Paltothyreus tarsatus'', the single described species, is widely distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa. Workers are very large in size (17–20 mm); queens are similar to workers, but larger (23 mm) and winged. Habitat ''Paltothyreus tarsatus'' construct shallow nests that cover a large home range. Most of the nest is shallow tunnels used by foragers to travel without risking predation and emerging far from the nest center. The nests can have as many as 5000 workers, a number very few ant species are able to match. Although the ants are predators and feed on animals as large as beetles, the frog '' Phrynomantis microps'' is sometimes found inside the nests as it uses them as a burrow. A skin secretion that inhibits the ant's aggression allows it to coexist with the ants. See also *''Buniapone ''Buniapone'' is a monotypic genus of ants in the subfamily Pon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holotype
A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several examples, but explicitly designated as the holotype. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), a holotype is one of several kinds of name-bearing types. In the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and ICZN, the definitions of types are similar in intent but not identical in terminology or underlying concept. For example, the holotype for the butterfly '' Plebejus idas longinus'' is a preserved specimen of that subspecies, held by the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. In botany, an isotype is a duplicate of the holotype, where holotype and isotypes are often pieces from the same individual plant or samples from the same gathering. A holotype is not necessarily "typ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myopias
''Myopias'' is a genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. The genus is known from the Oriental, Indo-Australian, and Australasian regions. Species *''Myopias amblyops'' Roger, 1861 *''Myopias bidens'' (Emery, 1900) *''Myopias breviloba'' (Wheeler, 1919) *''Myopias castaneicola'' (Donisthorpe, 1938) *''Myopias chapmani'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias concava'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias conicara'' Xu, 1998 *''Myopias crawleyi'' (Donisthorpe, 1941) *''Myopias cribriceps'' Emery, 1901 *''Myopias daia'' Xu, Burwell & Nakamura, 2014 *''Myopias delta'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias densesticta'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias emeryi'' (Forel, 1913) *''Myopias gigas'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias hania'' Xu & Liu, 2011 *''Myopias hollandi'' (Forel, 1901) *''Myopias julivora'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias kuehni'' (Forel, 1902) *''Myopias latinoda'' (Emery, 1897) *''Myopias levigata'' (Emery, 1901) *''Myopias lobosa'' Willey & Brown, 1983 *''Myopias loriai'' (Emery, 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zootaxa
''Zootaxa'' is a peer-reviewed scientific mega journal for animal taxonomists. It is published by Magnolia Press (Auckland, New Zealand). The journal was established by Zhi-Qiang Zhang in 2001 and new issues are published multiple times a week. From 2001 to 2020, more than 60,000 new species have been described in the journal accounting for around 25% of all new taxa indexed in The Zoological Record in the last few years. Print and online versions are available. Temporary suspension from JCR The journal exhibited high levels of self-citation and its journal impact factor of 2019 was suspended from ''Journal Citation Reports'' in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total. Biologist Ross Mounce noted that high levels of self-citation may be inevitable for a journal which publishes a large share of new species classification. Later that year this decision was reversed and it was admitted that levels of self-citation are appropriate considering the large proportion of papers f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convergent Evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy. The recurrent evolution of flight is a classic example, as flying insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are ''analogous'', whereas '' homologous'' structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions. Bird, bat, and pterosaur wings are analogous structures, but their forelimbs are homologous, sharing an ancestral state despite serving different functions. The opposite of convergence is divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to parallel evo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Promyopias
''Promyopias'' is an Afrotropical genus of ant in the subfamily Ponerinae containing the single species ''Promyopias silvestrii''. The rare genus has previously been regarded as a separate genus, as a subgenus and as a provisional synonymy, but was reinstated at genus-rank in 2008. Description ''Promyopias'', known from the Afrotropics, is uncommon but widely distributed. Its diet, presumably termites but not actually demonstrated, may be more restricted or specialized than in '' Centromyrmex''. The morphology of the mandible is unique and immediately identifies ''Promyopias silvestrii''. Males are unknown. Taxonomy Santschi (1914) initially associated ''Promyopias'' with '' Myopias'', the latter a moderately sized genus widespread in the Oriental, Malesian and Austral regions, because of supposed overall similarities in the form of the mandible and clypeus. It now seems certain that these similarities are the result of convergence through the development of similar predat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptopone
''Cryptopone'' is a genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae Ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the Poneromorph subfamilies group, with about 1,600 species in 47 extant genera, including ''Dinoponera gigantea'' - one of the world's largest species of ant. Mated workers have replaced the queen as the fun .... The genus has a worldwide distribution, with most species occurring in Asia. Workers range from very small to medium in size (1.7–6.1 mm), with the queens being slightly larger. Species *'' Cryptopone arabica'' Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 *'' Cryptopone butteli'' Forel, 1913 *'' Cryptopone crassicornis'' (Emery, 1897) *'' Cryptopone emeryi'' Donisthorpe, 1943 *'' Cryptopone fusciceps'' Emery, 1900 *'' Cryptopone gigas'' Wu & Wang, 1995 *'' Cryptopone gilva'' (Roger, 1863) *'' Cryptopone guianensis'' (Weber, 1939) *'' Cryptopone hartwigi'' Arnold, 1948 *'' Cryptopone holmgreni'' (Wheeler, 1925) *'' Cryptopone jinxiuensis'' Zhou, 2001 *'' Cryptopone mirabilis'' Ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogeny
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated subsp. or ssp. and the singular and plural forms are the same ("the subspecies is" or "the subspecies are"). In zoology, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In botany and mycology, under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, other infraspecific ranks, such as variety, may be named. In bacteriology and virology, under standard bacterial nomenclature and virus nomenclature, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks. A taxonomist decides whether ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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