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Brigadas Revolucionárias
The Brigadas Revolucionarias (BR) were a terrorist organization active in Portugal between 1970 and 1980. Founded in 1970 by a group of dissidents from the Portuguese Communist Party, the BR were initially led by Isabel do Carmo, Carlos Antunes and Pedro Goulart, who were unhappy with the pacifist narrative of the Communist Party. The first bomb attack took place on November 7, 1971, against the NATO facilities in Fonte da Telha, Portugal. Most of its members were previously in the Communist Party, in particular Carlos Antunes and Isabel do Carmo, who kept Communist Party dominant no-kill narrative and preferred spectacular and media-centric actions instead. Despite the overthrown of the Portuguese dictatorship in 1974, the BR did not abandon armed violence. The BR become frustrated with the end of the revolutionary period, the beginning of the consolidation of democracy and the preparation of Portugal’s entry into the European Economic Community (EEC). Accordingly, they carri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese Communist Party
The Portuguese Communist Party ( pt, Partido Comunista Português, , PCP) is a communist, Marxist–Leninist political party in Portugal based upon democratic centralism. The party also considers itself patriotic and internationalist,Portuguese Communist Party (2005). ''Program and Statutes of the Portuguese Communist Party''. Edições Avante!. and it is characterized as being between the left-wing and far-left on the political spectrum. The party was founded in 1921, establishing contacts with the Comintern in 1922 and becoming is Portuguese section in 1923. The PCP was banned after the 1926 military coup and subsequently played a major role in the opposition against the dictatorial regime of António de Oliveira Salazar. During the nearly five-decade-long dictatorship, the PCP was constantly suppressed by the secret police, which forced the party's members to live in clandestine status under the threat of arrest, torture, and murder. After the Carnation Revolution in 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polícia De Segurança Pública
The Polícia de Segurança Pública MHTE (PSP; ''Public Security Police'') is the national civil police force of Portugal. Part of the Portuguese security forces, the mission of the PSP is to defend Republican democracy, safeguarding internal security and the rights of its citizens. Despite many other functions, the force is generally known for policing urban areas with uniformed police officers, while rural areas are normally policed by National Republican Guard (GNR), a gendarmerie force. PSP is focused in preventive policing, only investigating minor crimes. Investigation of serious crimes falls under the Judicial Police responsibility, which is a separate agency. History Like most of Europe, until the Middle Ages the defence of public order was the responsibility of local communities, under the authority of feudal lords and courts. In Portugal, there are few references to the administration of justice until the second half of the 15th century. With the reign of King Afons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Defunct Organizations Designated As Terrorist In Europe
{{Disambiguation ...
Defunct (no longer in use or active) may refer to: * ''Defunct'' (video game), 2014 * Zombie process or defunct process, in Unix-like operating systems See also * * :Former entities * End-of-life product * Obsolescence Obsolescence is the state of being which occurs when an object, service, or practice is no longer maintained or required even though it may still be in good working order. It usually happens when something that is more efficient or less risky r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terrorism In Portugal
history of terrorism in Europe. This has often been linked to nationalist and separatist movements (separating countries), while other acts have been related to politics (including anarchism, far-right and far-left extremism), religious extremism, or organized crime. Terrorism in the European sections of the intercontinental countries of Turkey and Russia are not included in this list. History Definitions Defining terrorism is difficult, and there are more than one hundred definitions of it in scholarly literature. The term is used in polemical contexts, thus it can become a move in a campaign rather than an aid to thought. A simple definition would be "use of force against innocent people for political purposes". Some scholars argue that there is no true or correct definition due to terrorism being an abstract concept without a real presence. Legal definitions contain internal contradictions and might be misused. There is an overlap between terrorism and various other forms of c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Resistance Movements
A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. It may seek to achieve its objectives through either the use of nonviolent resistance (sometimes called civil resistance), or the use of force, whether armed or unarmed. In many cases, as for example in the United States during the American Revolution, or in Norway in the Second World War, a resistance movement may employ both violent and non-violent methods, usually operating under different organizations and acting in different phases or geographical areas within a country. Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary records use of the word "resistance" in the sense of organised opposition to an invader from 1862. The modern usage of the term "Resistance" became widespread from the self-designation of many movements during World War II, especially the French Resistance. The ter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist Terrorism
Communist terrorism is terrorism carried out in the advancement of, or by groups who adhere to, communism and its related ideologies, such as Leninism, Marxism–Leninism, Trotskyism and Maoism. Historically, communist terrorism has sometimes taken the form of state-sponsored terrorism, supported by communist nations such as the Soviet Union,Fleming pp110Chaliand page 197/202 China, North Korea and Cambodia.Clymer page 107 In addition, non-state actors such as the Red Brigades, the Front Line and the Red Army Faction have also engaged in communist terrorism.C. J. M. Drake page 19Sloan pp61 These groups hope to inspire the masses to rise up and begin a revolution to overthrow existing political and economic systems.Yonah ppIX This form of terrorism can sometimes be called red terrorism or left terrorism. The end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union have been credited with leading to a marked decrease in this form of terrorism.David C. Wills page 219 History In the 193 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism In Portugal
Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange which allocates products to everyone in the society.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." Communist society also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance, but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a more libertarian approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and a more vanguardist or communist party-driven approach through the development of a constitutional socialist st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forças Populares 25 De Abril
The Forças Populares 25 de Abril ( en, Popular Forces 25 April; FP 25 de Abril or FP-25) was a far-left terrorist group led by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, operating in Portugal between 1980 and 1987. Most of its members had previously been active in the Brigadas Revolucionárias, an armed group with links to the Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat (''Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado''). A total of 20 people were killed by the FP-25, most of them innocent people, as a result of direct shooting attacks, bombings and confrontations with the police during bank robberies or escape attempts. Ideology The FP-25 brought together the most radical sectors of the Portuguese radical left, who were growing discontent with the development of bourgeois democracy and capitalism in post-Carnation Revolution Portugal. In the organization's "''Manifesto ao Povo Trabalhador''" or "Manifesto to the Workers" released in April 1980, the organization outlined its opposition to amendments to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polícia Judiciária
The (PJ; en, Judiciary Police) is the national criminal investigation police agency of Portugal, focused in fighting serious crimes, including homicides, kidnapping, organized crime, terrorism, illegal drug trade, corruption, cybercrime and financial crime. It is integrated into the Ministry of Justice, but operates under the supervision of the Public Ministry. Several countries and territories that were once overseas provinces of Portugal maintain criminal investigation police forces modeled after the Portuguese one, with some of them retaining also the name ''Polícia Judiciária''. These are the cases of Cabo Verde, Guinea-Bissau and Macau. The ''Polícia Judiciária Militar'' (Military Judiciary Police) is a separate criminal investigation police agency that operates under the Ministry of National Defense. This agency is responsible for the investigation of military crimes and crimes committed among the Portuguese Armed Forces. History In 1945, after a general police re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Front For The Liberation Of Oman
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (in ar, الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير عُمان, al-Jabha aš-Šaʿbiyya li-Taḥrīr ʿUmān, PFLO) was a Marxist and Arab nationalist revolutionary organisation in the Sultanate of Oman. It fought against the Sultan (ruler) in the Dhofar Rebellion from the PFLO's foundation until the suppression of the insurgency in 1976. Background The main forerunner of the PFLO was the Dhofar Liberation Front (جبهة تحرير ظفار - ''Jabhat Tahrir Dhofar'', DLF) which was based in Dhofar, the southern province of Oman. It was founded in 1962 by the Dhofar Benevolent Society (DBS), the Dhofar Soldiers’ Organisation (DSO) and the local branch of the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) and began armed struggle in June 1965. Formation of the Popular Front In September 1968 the DLF was renamed the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf (''al-Jabha al-Sha'abiya li-Tahrir al-Khalij al-'Arabi al-Muhtall'', PFLOA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isabel Do Carmo
Isabel do Carmo ComL is a former founder and leader of the Portuguese terrorist organization, Brigadas Revolucionárias (BR), which took part in an armed struggle against the Portuguese government, both before and after the overthrow of the repressive '' Estado Novo'' regime. She was also the founder and leader of Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado (PRP), a political organization never formalized as a party and created to support the BR. She was held in pre-trial prison from 1978 to 1982. Carmo, a doctor and a University professor, has published extensively, on both medical and political issues. Early life Maria Isabel Augusta Cortes do Carmo was born in Barreiro, on the left bank of the River Tagus to the southeast of the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, on 12 September 1940. She took the ferry to go to High School in Lisbon and later graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon. As a student and activist in the students' association of the Faculty of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polisario Front
The Polisario Front, Frente Polisario, Frelisario or simply Polisario, from the Spanish abbreviation of (Popular Front for the Liberation of Saguia el-Hamra and Río de Oro), (in ar, rtl=yes, الجبهة الشعبية لتحرير الساقية الحمراء ووادي الذهب, al-Jabhah al-Shaʿbiyah Li-Taḥrīr as-Sāqiyah al-Ḥamrāʾ wa Wādī al-Dhahab), is a rebel Sahrawi nationalist liberation movement claiming Western Sahara. Tracing its origin to a Sahrawi nationalist organization known as the Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab, the Polisario Front was formally constituted in 1973 with the intention of launching an armed struggle against the Spanish occupation which lasted until 1975, when the Spanish decided to allow Mauritania and Morocco to partition and occupy the territory. The Polisario Front waged a war to drive out the two armies. It forced Mauritania to relinquish its claim over Western Sahara in 1979 and continu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
