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Braconid
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include ''Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', ''Apanteles'', ''Asobara'', '' Bracon'', ''Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', ''Chorebus'', ''Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', '' Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', ''Opius'', ''Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', ''Spathius'', and ''Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandibles. These ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braconid Kibale 150728
The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis estimated a total between 30,000 and 50,000, and another provided a narrower estimate between 42,000 and 43,000 species. Classification The Braconidae are currently divided into about 47 subfamilies and over 1000 genera, which include ''Aerophilus'', ''Aleiodes'', '' Apanteles'', ''Asobara'', '' Bracon'', ''Cenocoelius'', '' Chaenusa'', ''Chorebus'', '' Cotesia'', '' Dacnusa'', '' Diachasma'', ''Microgaster'', '' Opius'', ''Parapanteles'', '' Phaenocarpa'', ''Spathius'', and ''Syntretus.'' These fall into two major groups, informally called the cyclostomes and noncyclostomes. In cyclostome braconids, the labrum and the lower part of the clypeus are concave with respect to the upper clypeus and the dorsal margin of the mandibles. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichneumonidae
The Ichneumonidae, also known as the ichneumon wasps, Darwin wasps, or ichneumonids, are a family (biology), family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25,000 species currently described. However, this likely represents less than a quarter of their true Species richness, richness as reliable estimates are lacking, along with much of the most basic knowledge about their ecology, Species distribution, distribution, and evolution.Quicke, D. L. J. (2015). The braconid and ichneumonid parasitoid wasps: biology, systematics, evolution and ecology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ichneumonid wasps, with very few exceptions, attack the immature stages of Holometabolism, holometabolous insects and spiders, eventually killing their hosts. They thus fulfill an important role as regulators of insect populations, both in natural and semi-natural systems, making them promising agents for Biological p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bracon (genus)
''Bracon'' is a genus of wasps in the Braconidae, a family of parasitoid wasps. There are several hundred described species but there are thousands still undescribed.Ameri, A., et al. (2013)Study of the genus ''Bracon'' Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Southern Iran with description of a new species.''Zootaxa'' 3754(4), 353-80. The genus is cosmopolitan, distributed throughout the world, with most of the described species occurring in the Palearctic realm. These wasps are mostly ectoparasitoids, with the larvae developing on the outside of the body of the host. Recorded hosts include the larvae of many species of lepidopterans, beetles, flies, hymenopterans, and true bugs. They are idiobionts, halting the development of the host when they lay eggs on its body. Some ''Bracon'' wasps are specific to one host species, and some are known to utilize many different hosts.Žikić, V., et al. (2012)Checklist of the genus ''Bracon'' (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Serbia. ''Biol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable strategy, evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to Paralysis, paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids Behavior-altering parasite, influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of Taxon, taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amicrocentrinae
The Amicrocentrinae are a subfamily of braconid Parasitic wasp, parasitoid wasps. Members of this subfamily were previously included in the Macrocentrinae. Description and distribution Amicrocentrinae are relatively large yellow or brown non-cyclostome braconids. This subfamily is found in Madagascar and continental Africa. Biology Some species within Amicrocentrinae are known to be parasitoids of large Caterpillar, caterpillars which bore into plant stalks. References External links DNA barcodes at BOLD systems {{Ichneumonoidea-stub Braconidae Hymenoptera subfamilies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alysiinae
The Alysiinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps with over 1000 described species. Several species have been used in biocontrol programs. They are closely related to the Opiinae. Description and distribution Alysiinae are small wasps, usually under 5 mm long and black or brown in color. Their mandibles are exodont, opening outwards and not overlapping. This characteristic is essentially unique among braconids, with only a few rare exceptions (e.g., the genus '' Exodontiella'' in the subfamily Gnamptodontinae). Alysiinae are found worldwide. Biology Alysiinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of Cyclorrhapha Diptera. Females oviposit into host eggs or larvae. The host is allowed to develop until it forms a puparium, at which point it is killed by the wasp larva. The Alysiinae larva then pupates within the host puparium. Adults use their exodont mandibles to break free of the tough host puparium. Most species of Alysiinae are solitary, but a few are gregarious and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Agathidinae
Agathidinae is a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Some species have been used in biological control programs. Description and distribution Agathidines are among the larger and more colorful braconids. Diurnal members of this subfamily often possess aposematic coloration. They belong to the noncyclostome group. They are found worldwide, but are more diverse in the tropics. Biology All Agathidinae are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. Most attack concealed caterpillars, such as those that use silk to tie leaves together. Most are solitary, laying only one egg in each host caterpillar. Some species are nocturnal, with pale coloration and large ocelli. Genera Genera placed here include: * '' Agathirsia'' * '' Agathis'' * ''Aerophilus'' * '' Alabagrus'' * '' Amputoearinus'' * '' Aneurobracon'' (formerly in Orgilinae) * '' Austroearinus'' * '' Bassus'' (polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acampsohelconinae
The Acampsohelconinae are a subfamily of braconid parasitoid wasps. Extant members of this subfamily were previously included in the Helconinae, Blacinae, or Sigalphinae. The four genera included are †'' Acampsohelcon'', '' Afrocampsis'', '' Canalicephalus'', and '' Urosigalphus''. Description and distribution Acampsohelconinae are non- cyclostome braconids with a carapace covering the metasoma. The outer hind tarsal claw This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids. Links within the glossary are shown . Terms A Abdomen or opisthosoma: One of the two main body parts ...s are modified and much larger than the midtarsal claws. ''Canalicephalus'' has an Indo-Australian distribution, ''Afrocampsis'' has an Afrotropical distribution, and ''Urosigalphus'' is found mostly in the New World with one species found in Japan. Biology Hosts and habits of most Acampsohelconinae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aphidiinae
The Aphidiinae are a subfamily of tiny parasitoid wasps that use aphids as their hosts. Several species have been used in biological control programs of various aphids. Biology and distribution Aphidiines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of adult and immature aphids. While the larva of the 2–3 mm long '' Praon'' leaves the hollowed shell of the aphid from below to pupate in a volcano-like cocoon, most other Aphidiinae pupate inside the dead aphid and break out afterwards. These wasps are found worldwide, but are primarily found in the northern hemisphere. Several species have been introduced to countries outside of their natural range, both accidentally and purposefully for biocontrol. Systematics Although they have often been treated as a separate family, the Aphidiidae, the Aphidiinae are a lineage within the Braconidae. It is not yet clear to which braconid subfamilies they are most closely related. The Aphidiinae are subdivided into several tribes, the Ephedrin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cotesia
''Cotesia'' is a genus of braconid wasps first described by Peter Cameron in 1891. Some species parasitize caterpillars of species considered pests, and are used as biocontrol agents. ''Cotesia congregata'' parasitizes the tomato and the tobacco hornworms. '' C. glomerata'' and '' C. rubecula'' feed on the cabbage white and other white butterfly caterpillars. '' C. gonopterygis'' and '' C. risilis'' are host-specific and parasitize the common brimstone.Lozan, Aurel; Spitzer, Karel; Jaroš, Josef (2012-06-01)"Isolated peat bog habitats and their food connections: parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) and their lepidopteran hosts" ''Journal of Insect Conservation''. 16 (3): 391–397. ISSNbr>1366-638X doibr>10.1007/s10841-011-9425-4 The wasp '' C. melanoscelus'' parasitizes the caterpillar of the spongy moth. It, and the spongy moth, are native to Europe. The spongy moth is an invasive species in North America, and ''C. melanoscelus'' has been imported as a biocontrol of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apanteles
''Apanteles'' is a very large genus of Braconidae, braconid wasps, containing more than 600 described species found worldwide. There are no native species in New Zealand, and none have been recorded in the high arctic. See also * List of Apanteles species References Further reading * * * Microgastrinae Braconidae genera {{Ichneumonoidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parapanteles
''Parapanteles'' is a genus of braconid wasps in the family Braconidae The Braconidae are a family of parasitoid wasps. After the closely related Ichneumonidae, braconids make up the second-largest family in the order Hymenoptera, with about 17,000 recognized species and many thousands more undescribed. One analysis .... There are more than 60 described species in ''Parapanteles'', found throughout most of the world. Species These 62 species belong to the genus ''Parapanteles'': * '' Parapanteles aethiopicus'' (Wilkinson, 1931) * '' Parapanteles aletiae'' (Riley, 1881) * '' Parapanteles alternatus'' (Papp, 1973) * '' Parapanteles arka'' Gupta, 2014 * '' Parapanteles aso'' (Nixon, 1967) * '' Parapanteles atellae'' (Wilkinson, 1932) * '' Parapanteles athamasae'' Gupta, Khot & Chorge, 2014 * '' Parapanteles bagicha'' (Narayanan & Subba Rao, 1961) * '' Parapanteles cleo'' (Nixon, 1967) * '' Parapanteles complexus'' Valerio & Janzen, 2009 * '' Parapanteles continuus'' Valerio & Whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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