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Brachycephalidae
The Brachycephalidae () are a family of frogs confined to eastern and southern Brazil and northern Argentina. The family is composed of two externally quite different genera: the tiny, often (but not always) colourful and plump saddleback toads ('' Brachycephalus'') from Brazil, and the larger, slimmer and more drab genus ''Ischnocnema'' from both Brazil and Argentina. The family is mainly defined by molecular characteristics, and are linked by few anatomical features. It was erected from two genera of the previously large family Eleutherodactylidae, which is now split into four families. The Brachycephalidae all have direct development and hatch like miniature adults rather than as tadpoles like most frogs. The members of the genus ''Brachycephalus'' are all very diminutive animals, with many species under in snout–to–vent Vent or vents may refer to: Science and technology Biology *Vent, the cloaca region of an animal *Vent DNA polymerase, a thermostable DNA polymerase G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saddleback Toad
The saddleback toads (''Brachycephalus'') are a genus of tiny toads and frogs in the family (biology), family Brachycephalidae in the order (biology), order Frog, Anura, ranging from south Bahia to Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina in southeastern Brazil. The genus includes two main groups, the often brightly coloured pumpkin toadlets, and the overall brown and more frog-like flea frogs (or flea toads), which once were placed in their own genus ''Psyllophryne''. Some pumpkin toadlets are toxic and their often bright colours are considered aposematic. At about or less in snout–to–Cloaca, vent length, the flea frogs are some of the Smallest organisms#Frogs, smallest frogs in the world. The saddleback toads live among leaf litter in the Atlantic rainforest, ranging from near sea level to an altitude of , with most species restricted to highland cloud forest. They are mostly Diurnality, diurnal, feed on tiny invertebrates and breeding is by direct development, with eggs laid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachycephalus Ephippium
The pumpkin toadlet (''Brachycephalus ephippium''), or Spix's saddleback toad, is a small and brightly coloured species of frog in the family Brachycephalidae. This Diurnality, diurnal species is Endemism, endemic to southeastern Brazil where it is found among leaf litter on the floor of Atlantic rainforests at an altitude of . It is found in Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, southeastern São Paulo (state), São Paulo and southeastern Minas Gerais. Although its type specimen supposedly was collected in Bahia about 200 years ago, there are no confirmed localities in this state and recent reviews consider it more likely that it was from Rio de Janeiro. ''B. ephippium'' is locally common, quite widespread compared to most other species of ''Brachycephalus'' and it is not considered Threatened species, threatened. ''B. ephippium'' feeds on tiny invertebrates and breeding is by direct development, with the female laying a few eggs on land that hatch into young ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brachycephalidae
The Brachycephalidae () are a family of frogs confined to eastern and southern Brazil and northern Argentina. The family is composed of two externally quite different genera: the tiny, often (but not always) colourful and plump saddleback toads ('' Brachycephalus'') from Brazil, and the larger, slimmer and more drab genus ''Ischnocnema'' from both Brazil and Argentina. The family is mainly defined by molecular characteristics, and are linked by few anatomical features. It was erected from two genera of the previously large family Eleutherodactylidae, which is now split into four families. The Brachycephalidae all have direct development and hatch like miniature adults rather than as tadpoles like most frogs. The members of the genus ''Brachycephalus'' are all very diminutive animals, with many species under in snout–to–vent Vent or vents may refer to: Science and technology Biology *Vent, the cloaca region of an animal *Vent DNA polymerase, a thermostable DNA polymerase G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ischnocnema
''Ischnocnema'' is a genus of frogs from eastern Brazil and north-eastern Argentina. They comprise the former ''Eleutherodactylus'' from this region, but they are closer to '' Brachycephalus'' than the "true" ''Eleutherodactylus''. Consequently, they are now placed in their own genus ''Ischnocnema'' in the family Brachycephalidae The Brachycephalidae () are a family of frogs confined to eastern and southern Brazil and northern Argentina. The family is composed of two externally quite different genera: the tiny, often (but not always) colourful and plump saddleback toads ( .... Species The following species: are recognised in the genus Ischnocnema: References Brachycephalidae Amphibian genera Amphibians of South America Taxa named by Christian Frederik Lütken Taxa named by Johannes Theodor Reinhardt {{Brachycephaloidea-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frog
A frog is any member of a diverse and largely Carnivore, carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians composing the order (biology), order Anura (ανοὐρά, literally ''without tail'' in Ancient Greek). The oldest fossil "proto-frog" ''Triadobatrachus'' is known from the Early Triassic of Madagascar, but molecular clock, molecular clock dating suggests their split from other amphibians may extend further back to the Permian, 265 Myr, million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is in tropical rainforest. Frogs account for around 88% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most diverse vertebrate orders. Warty frog species tend to be called toads, but the distinction between frogs and toads is informal, not from Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy or evolutionary history. An adult frog has a stout body, protruding eyes, anteriorly-attached tongue, limb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ischnocnema Izecksohni
''Ischnocnema izecksohni'' is a species of frogs in the family Brachycephalidae. It is endemic to the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and known from the Espinhaço and Mantiqueira Mountains. Common name Izecksohn's robber frog has been coined for this species. Etymology The specific name ''izecksohni'' honours Eugênio Izecksohn, a Brazilian herpetologist. Description The type series consists of three individuals, an adult male measuring and two adult females measuring in snout–vent length. It is a relatively slender ''Ischnocnema''. The head is as wide as long. The canthus rostralis is distinct. The tympanum is relatively small but distinct. The fingers and toes are slender with apical discs, most of them small. The dorsum is smooth and has minute, scattered tubercles. The upper eyelids are tuberculate. Habitat and conservation Its natural habitats are gallery forests and forest edges along creeks at elevations of above sea level. It also survives in secondary forests. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amphibians Of South America
Amphibians are four-limbed and ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely on their skin. They are superficially similar to reptiles like lizards but, along with mammals and birds, reptiles are amniotes and do not require water bodies in which to breed. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators; in recent decades there has been a dramatic decline ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cloaca
In animal anatomy, a cloaca ( ), plural cloacae ( or ), is the posterior orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals. All amphibians, reptiles and birds, and a few mammals ( monotremes, tenrecs, golden moles, and marsupial moles), have this orifice, from which they excrete both urine and feces; this is in contrast to most placental mammals, which have two or three separate orifices for evacuation. Excretory openings with analogous purpose in some invertebrates are also sometimes referred to as cloacae. Mating through the cloaca is known as cloacal copulation, commonly referred to as cloacal kiss. The cloacal region is also often associated with a secretory organ, the cloacal gland, which has been implicated in the scent-marking behavior of some reptiles, marsupials, amphibians, and monotremes. Etymology The word is from the Latin verb ''cluo'', "(I) cleanse", thus the noun ''cloaca'', ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tadpole
A tadpole is the larval stage in the biological life cycle of an amphibian. Most tadpoles are fully aquatic, though some species of amphibians have tadpoles that are terrestrial. Tadpoles have some fish-like features that may not be found in adult amphibians such as a lateral line, gills and swimming tails. As they undergo metamorphosis, they start to develop functional lungs for breathing air, and the diet of tadpoles changes drastically. A few amphibians, such as some members of the frog family Brevicipitidae, undergo direct development i.e., they do not undergo a free-living larval stage as tadpoles instead emerging from eggs as fully formed "froglet" miniatures of the adult morphology. Some other species hatch into tadpoles underneath the skin of the female adult or are kept in a pouch until after metamorphosis. Having no hard skeletons, it might be expected that tadpole fossils would not exist. However, traces of biofilms have been preserved and fossil tadpoles have ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Development
Marine larval ecology is the study of the factors influencing dispersing larvae, which many marine invertebrates and fishes have. Marine animals with a larva typically release many larvae into the water column, where the larvae develop before metamorphosing into adults. Marine larvae can disperse over long distances, although determining the actual distance is challenging, because of their size and the lack of a good tracking method. Knowing dispersal distances is important for managing fisheries, effectively designing marine reserves, and controlling invasive species. Theories on the evolution of a biphasic life history Larval dispersal is one of the most important topics in marine ecology, today. Many marine invertebrates and many fishes have a bi-phasic life cycle with a pelagic larva or pelagic eggs that can be transported over long distances, and a demersal or benthic adult. There are several theories behind why these organisms have evolved this biphasic life history: *Larva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eleutherodactylidae
The Eleutherodactylidae are a family of direct-developing frogs native to northern South America, the Caribbean, and southernmost North America. They are sometimes known under the common name rain frogs. Formerly the subfamily Eleutherodactylinae of the family Leptodactylidae, it was raised to the family status following a major revision of New World direct-developing frogs in 2008. As currently defined, the family has more than 200 species (as of 2014, 206 or 207 species). Eleutherodactylid frogs vary considerably in size, from the minuscule ''Eleutherodactylus iberia'' (female snout–vent length ) to the relative giant '' E. inoptatus'' (female snout–vent length ). Except for the ovoviviparous '' E. jasperi'', these frogs have direct development: no free-living tadpole stage exists; instead, eggs develop directly into small froglets. Subfamilies and genera The two subfamilies and four genera are: * Eleutherodactylinae Lutz, 1954 (216 species) ** ''Diasporus'' Hedges, Duell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the eighth-largest country in the world. It shares the bulk of the Southern Cone with Chile to the west, and is also bordered by Bolivia and Paraguay to the north, Brazil to the northeast, Uruguay and the South Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. Argentina is a federal state subdivided into twenty-three provinces, and one autonomous city, which is the federal capital and largest city of the nation, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system. Argentina claims sovereignty over the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and a part of Antarctica. The earliest recorded human prese ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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