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Biological Monitoring Working Party
The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) is a procedure for measuring water quality using families of macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. The method is based on the principle that different aquatic invertebrates have different tolerances to pollutants. In the case of BMWP, this is based on the sensitivity/tolerance to organic pollution (i.e. nutrient enrichment that can affect the availability of dissolved oxygen). It is important to recognise that the ranking of sensitivity/tolerance will vary for different kinds of pollution. In the case of BMWP/Organic pollution rankings, the presence of mayflies or stoneflies for instance indicate the cleanest waterways and are given a tolerance score of 10. The lowest scoring invertebrates are worms (''Oligochaeta'') which score 1. The number of different macroinvertebrates is also an important factor, because a better quality water is assumed to contain fewer pollutants that would exclude "sensitive" species - resulting in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Monitoring
In analytical chemistry, biomonitoring is the measurement of the body burden of toxic chemical compounds, elements, or their metabolites, in biological substances. Often, these measurements are done in blood and urine. Biomonitoring is performed in both environmental health, and in occupational safety and health as a means of exposure assessment and workplace health surveillance. The two best established environmental biomonitoring programs in representative samples of the general population are those of the United States and Germany, although population-based programs exist in a few other countries. In 2001, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began to publish its biennial ''National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals'', which reports a statistically representative sample of the U.S. population. Overview Biomonitoring involves the use of organisms to assess environmental contamination, such as of surrounding air or water. It can be done ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caddisflies
The caddisflies, or order Trichoptera, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of the adult mouthparts. Integripalpian larvae construct a portable casing to protect themselves as they move around looking for food, while Annulipalpian larvae make themselves a fixed retreat in which they remain, waiting for food to come to them. The affinities of the small third suborder Spicipalpia are unclear, and molecular analysis suggests it may not be monophyletic. Also called sedge-flies or rail-flies, the adults are small moth-like insects with two pairs of hairy membranous wings. They are closely related to the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) which have scales on their wings; the two orders together form the superorder Amphiesmenoptera. The aquatic larvae are found in a wide variety of habitats such as streams, river ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perlidae
The Perlidae are a family of stoneflies, with more than 50 genera and 1,100 described species. The majority of the Perlidae are found in eastern North America, but they occur worldwide except for Antarctica and parts of Africa. Their lifecycles range between one and three years. They adults emerge in the summer; they are very active and known to be attracted to light sources. They are usually very sensitive to changes in environment. Perlidae are usually lotic and lentic erosional. They are found in cool, clear medium-sized to large streams and sometimes in larger, warm rivers that carry silt. They are crawlers and can move quickly. In still water, no water moves over their gills, so they move their bodies up and down to keep oxygen flowing over them. They are engulfer-predators. They consume all types of invertebrates Invertebrates are a paraphyletic group of animals that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column (commonly known as a ''backbone'' or ''spine''), de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perlodidae
The Perlodidae, also known as the perlodid stoneflies, stripetails, or springflies, are a family of stoneflies. Natural history The family Perlodidae is composed of at least 50 genera and over 350 species, with the fossil records extending at least from the Triassic. The majority of perlodid stoneflies are univoltine - one generation occurs per year. Usually, adults emerge from April to June. Many species have an egg diapause during the warmer months; this allows them to inhabit otherwise unfriendly environments like temporary seeps or streams. Larvae have flattened bodies, often with patterns on their heads and thoraces, long tails, and divergent hind wing pads. Unlike the similar common stoneflies, perlodid larvae do not have branching gills on their thoraces. The perlodids are found throughout North America. Habit and habitat The Perlodidae are generally lotic and lentic erosional. These habitats are flowing streams or pools that contain sediments, vascular plants, and detri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capniidae
The Capniidae, the small winter stoneflies, are a family of insects in the stonefly order (Plecoptera). It constitutes one of the largest stonefly families, containing some 300 species distributed throughout the holarctic. Their closest relatives are the rolled-winged stoneflies (Leuctridae). Many species are endemic to small ranges, perhaps due to the family's tendency to evolve tolerance for cold (isolating populations in mountain valleys) and winglessness (inhibiting dispersal). Indeed, some wingless Capniidae – e.g. the Lake Tahoe benthic stonefly ('' "Capnia" lacustra'', ''Capnia'' is not monophyletic and this species is suspected to belong elsewhere) or '' Baikaloperla'' spp. – spend their entire lifecycles under water and do not disperse from their native lakes at all. Description and ecology Adult Capniidae, as their common name implies, are typically small Plecoptera; while most are less than 1 cm long with some measuring just 4 mm as adults, a fe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leuctridae
The Leuctridae are a family of stoneflies. They are known commonly as rolled-winged stonefliesLeuctridae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). and needleflies. This family contains at least 390 species. Description These small stoneflies can reach a length of , but most of the species are less than 1 centimeter long. The wings are slender and cylindrical, usually dark brown in color. At rest, the wings appear to be wrapping their bodies. The adults develop in early spring, swarm, mate, and lay the eggs in the water. The slender, yellowish larvae are herbivorous, feeding on plants and organic waste.Distribution The species of Leuctridae have a mainly |
Taeniopterygidae
Taeniopterygidae are a family of stone flies with about 110 described extant species. They are commonly called willowflies or winter stoneflies and have a holarctic distribution. Adults are usually smaller than 15 mm. Genera These 21 genera belong to the family Taeniopterygidae. The genus Taeniopteryx is in the subfamily Taeniopteryginae, and the remainder of the extant genera are in the subfamily Brachypterainae. * '' Bolotoperla'' Ricker & Ross, 1975 * '' Brachyptera'' Newport, 1848 * '' Doddsia'' Needham & Claassen, 1925 * '' Kohnoperla'' Ricker & Ross, 1975 * '' Kyphopteryx'' Kimmins, 1947 * '' Mesyatsia'' Ricker & Ross, 1975 * '' Obipteryx'' Okamoto, 1922 * '' Oemopteryx'' Klapálek, 1902 * '' Okamotoperla'' Ricker & Ross, 1975 * '' Rhabdiopteryx'' Klapálek, 1902 * '' Strophopteryx'' Frison, 1929 * '' Taenionema'' Banks, 1905 * '' Taeniopteryx'' Pictet, 1841 Extinct genera * † '' Balticopteryx'' Chen, 2018 (1 species) Baltic amber, Eocene * † '' Gurvanopteryx ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ephemeridae
Ephemeridae is a family of mayflies with about 150 described species found throughout the world except Australia and Oceania. These are generally quite large mayflies (up to 35 mm) with either two or three very long tails. Many species have distinctively patterned wings. Ephemerids breed in a wide range of waters, usually requiring a layer of silt as the nymphs have strong legs which are adapted for burrowing (the group is sometimes known as burrowing mayflies). The nymphs are largely carnivorous and collect their food either through predation or scavenging Scavengers are animals that consume dead organisms that have died from causes other than predation or have been killed by other predators. While scavenging generally refers to carnivores feeding on carrion, it is also a herbivorous feeding .... References *Chinery, Michael ''Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe'' 1986 (Reprinted 1991) * McGavin, George C. ''Insects and Spiders'' 2004Fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potamanthidae
Potamanthidae is a family of mayflies Mayflies (also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada and the upper Midwestern United States, as Canadian soldiers in the American Great Lakes region, and as up-winged flies in the United Kingdom) are aquatic insects belonging to the orde ... with three genera in which there are 23 species. Classification Genus '' Anthopotamus'' *'' Anthopotamus distinctus'' (Traver, 1935) *'' Anthopotamus myops'' (Walsh, 1863) *'' Anthopotamus verticis'' (Say, 1839) *'' Anthopotamus neglectus'' (Traver, 1935) Genus '' Potamanthus'' *'' Potamanthus formosus'' Eaton, 1892 *'' Potamanthus huoshanensis Wu, 1987'' *'' Potamanthus idiocerus'' Bae & McCafferty, 1991 *'' Potamanthus kwangsiensis'' (Hsu, 1937) *'' Potamanthus longitibius'' Bae & McCafferty, 1991 *'' Potamanthus luteus'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *'' Potamanthus macrophthalmus'' (You, 1984) *'' Potamanthus nanchangi'' (Hsu, 1936) *'' Potamanthus sabahensis'' (Bae & McCafferty, 1990) *'' Potamanthus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ephemerellidae
Ephemerellidae are known as the spiny crawler mayflies. They are a family of the order Ephemeroptera. There are eight genera consisting of a total 90 species (Merritt & Cummins). They are distributed throughout North America as well as the UK. Their habitat is lotic-erosional, they are found in all sizes of flowing streams on different types of substrates where there is reduced flow. They are even found on the shores of lakes and beaches where there is wave action present. They move by swimming and clinging, they are very well camouflaged. Most species have one generation per year. They are mostly collector-gatherers. If threatened by a predator, the larva will raise its three tails in a "scorpion posture" to appear larger. It will then project its tails in front and poke the enemy. Most species are sensitive to disturbance. In the UK, the most commonly recorded species is ''Seratella ignita''. The nymph of this animal is often distinguished from other Mayflies by the darker ban ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptophlebiidae
Leptophlebiidae is a family belonging to the Ephemeropterans that are commonly known as the prong-gilled mayflies or leptophlebiids. It is the only family in the superfamily Leptophlebioidea. There are around 131 genera and 640 described species. Leptophlebiids are easily recognized by the forked gills present on the larvae's abdomen, thus their common name. Larvae Leptophlebiid larvae live in freshwater streams and lakes eating detritus and/or algae. North American species generally cling to rocks, few physiologically equipped for skilled swimming. Like all Ephemeropteran larvae, fragile gills line the lateral margins of their abdomen. Some genera grow mandibular tusks like their burrowing relatives, the Ephemeridae, Polymitarcyidae, and Potamanthidae. Selected genera * '' Acanthophlebia'' Towns, 1983 * '' Atalophlebia'' * '' Choroterpes'' * '' Farrodes'' * '' Habrophlebia'' * '' Habrophlebiodes'' * '' Leptophlebia'' * '' Miroculis'' * '' Neochoroterpes'' * '' Paral ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heptageniidae
The Heptageniidae (synonym: Ecdyonuridae) are a family of mayflies with over 500 described species mainly distributed in the Holarctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical regions, and also present in the Central American Tropics and extreme northern South America. The group is sometimes referred to as flat-headed mayflies or stream mayflies. These are generally rather small mayflies with three long tails. The wings are usually clear with prominent venation although species with variegated wings are known. As in most mayflies, the males have large compound eyes, but not divided into upper and lower parts. Heptageniids breed mainly in fast-flowing streams, but some species use still waters. The nymphs have a flattened shape and are usually dark in colour. They use a wide range of food sources with herbivorous, scavenging, and predatory species known. The oldest described member of the family is '' Amerogenia'' from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) aged New Jersey amber New Jersey Amber, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
