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Biogenesis Of America
The Biogenesis scandal broke in 2013 when several Major League Baseball (MLB) players were accused of obtaining performance-enhancing drugs ("PEDs"), specifically human growth hormone, from the now-defunct rejuvenation clinic Biogenesis of America. After an ex-employee, annoyed over missing back-pay, revealed clinic records that were "clear in describing the firm's real business: selling performance-enhancing drugs", MLB sued six people connected to Biogenesis, accusing them of damaging the sport by providing banned substances to its players. In July, thirteen involved players received lengthy suspensions of fifty or more games (nearly a third of a season). Clinic history Biogenesis of America was a health clinic briefly operating in Coral Gables, Florida, specializing in weight loss and hormone replacement therapy. It was first registered in state corporation records in March 2012, and was founded by Anthony Bosch (also listed as the program director). His father, Dr. Pedro Bos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization and the oldest major professional sports league in the world. MLB is composed of 30 total teams, divided equally between the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NL and AL were formed in 1876 and 1901, respectively. Beginning in 1903, the two leagues signed the National Agreement and cooperated but remained legally separate entities until 2000, when they merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball. MLB is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan. It is also included as one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. Baseball's first all-professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, was founded in 1869. Before that, some teams had secretly paid certain players. The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one te ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Major League Baseball Players Association
The Major League Baseball Players Association (or MLBPA) is the union representing all current Major League Baseball players. All players, managers, coaches, and athletic trainers who hold or have held a signed contract with a Major League club are eligible for membership in the Association. The MLBPA has three major divisions: a labor union, a business (Players Choice Group Licensing Program), and a charitable foundation (Major League Baseball Players Trust). The MLBPA primarily serves as a collective bargaining representative for all Major League Baseball players, as well as playing significant roles in MLB-related business and nonprofit affairs. On August 28, 2022, the MLBPA publicly launched a campaign to help minor league baseball players unionize. On September 9, 2022, MLB voluntarily recognized the MLBPA as the union for over 5,500 minor league baseball players playing rookie ball to Triple-A. Players Choice group licensing The MLBPA's Players Choice group licensin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jhonny Peralta
Jhonny Antonio Peralta (born May 28, 1982) is a Dominican former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cleveland Indians signed him as an amateur free agent in his native Dominican Republic in 1999, and he made his major league debut for the Indians on June 12, 2003. He subsequently played for the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Cardinals. A solid hitter with power, Peralta has rated average defensively. He throws and bats right-handed, stands , and weighs . Peralta was the 2004 Indians Minor League Player of the Year as well as the International League Most Valuable Player for one of Cleveland's minor league affiliates, the Buffalo Bisons, after batting .326 with 44 doubles, 15 home runs and 86 runs batted in. Buffalo was also the International League champion that same season. Each year from 2005 through 2015, Peralta reached at least 100 hits, and double figures in both home runs and doubles. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jordan Norberto
Jordan Norberto Vallenilla (born December 8, 1986) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher. He previously played in Major League Baseball for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Oakland Athletics, and in the Nippon Professional Baseball League for the Chunichi Dragons and Tokyo Yakult Swallows. Professional career Arizona Diamondbacks Norberto made the Diamondbacks Opening Day roster in 2010. Oakland Athletics On July 31, 2011, Norberto was traded to the Oakland Athletics with Brandon Allen for Brad Ziegler. He made the Oakland Athletics Opening Day bullpen in 2012. He missed two portions of the season on the disabled list with shoulder issues. He pitched in 39 games and finished the season with a 2.77 ERA and a 4-1 record. He failed to make the Opening Day bullpen in 2013 and opened the season with AAA Sacramento River Cats. On May 8, 2013 he was released to make room on the 40-man roster for Daric Barton. On August 5, 2013, Norberto agreed to a 50-game suspension ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesús Montero
Jesús Alejandro Montero López (born November 28, 1989) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees and Seattle Mariners. Signed by the Yankees in 2006, Montero became one of the best prospects in baseball. He debuted in MLB with the Yankees during the 2011 season, and was traded to the Mariners for Michael Pineda during the 2011-12 offseason. After his rookie year in 2012, Montero struggled with the Mariners in 2013 before ending his season with a 50-game suspension for his involvement in the Biogenesis scandal. He spent most of the 2014 and 2015 seasons in the minor leagues. His last major league game occurred on October 3, 2015 for the Mariners. Montero was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays in 2016 and the Baltimore Orioles in 2017 but spent his time on their minor league teams. He was signed by the Sultanes de Monterrey in 2017 and Generales de Durango in 2018 but was released from both teams. Pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fernando Martínez (baseball)
Jesús Fernando Martínez Álvarez (born October 10, 1988) is a Dominican former professional baseball outfielder. Martínez signed with the New York Mets in 2005, and made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut in 2009. He also played in MLB for the Houston Astros. He bats left-handed and throws right-handed. He was one of 14 players suspended for taking part in the Biogenesis baseball scandal. He played for Team Spain in the 2019 European Baseball Championship. He then played for the team at the Africa/Europe 2020 Olympic Qualification tournament, in Italy in September 2019. Career New York Mets Martínez signed with the Mets in July 2005 as an international free agent, when he was 16 years old. Mets general manager Omar Minaya, known for his ability to attract Latin American talent to the Mets, lured Martínez with a signing bonus of $1.4 million. Minaya said of the signing "What we saw in artinezwas a 16-year-old kid with power, great ability and great character, above e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergio Escalona
Sergio Luis Escalona Rodríguez (born August 3, 1984), is a Venezuelan professional baseball relief pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies () and Houston Astros () and is currently pitching in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (VPBL). While still active in MLB, Escalona stood tall, weighing , according to sources. He throws and bats left-handed. Career Minor leagues Escalona was signed as a gratis agent by the Phillies in the year after 2003. He spent around 24 months playing for the Venezuelan Summer League Phillies, where he compiled a 4–5 record between 2005 and 2006. He pitched 107 innings and struck out 105 batters over the two seasons. Escalona was promoted in 2007, playing for the Williamsport Crosscutters, the Lakewood BlueClaws, and the Clearwater Threshers. At Williamsport, he started seven games, posting a 2–2 record and a 7.57 earned run average (ERA). A 1–4 record and 4.15 ERA in Lakewood was not enough to st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fautino De Los Santos
Fautino De Los Santos (born February 15, 1986) is a Dominican former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the Oakland Athletics in 2011 and 2012 and he played for the Musashi Heat Bears in Japan's Baseball Challenge League. Professional career Chicago White Sox (2006–2008) De Los Santos began his career in the Chicago White Sox organization as a starting pitcher. He played well in the Dominican Summer League in 2006. In 2007, he split time between Single-A Kannapolis and Advanced-A Winston-Salem. Oakland Athletics (2008–2012) In January 2008, he was traded along with Ryan Sweeney and Gio González to the Athletics for Nick Swisher. In 2008, he pitched for Single-A Stockton, but was out for much of the 2008 and 2009 seasons after undergoing Tommy John surgery to repair an injured elbow. He finished 2009 with the AZL Athletics and was added to the Athletics' 40-man roster after the season ended. De Los Santos began 2010 back with the Sto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Cervelli
Francisco Cervelli (born March 6, 1986) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball catcher and former catching coach for the San Diego Padres. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, Atlanta Braves, and Miami Marlins from 2008 through 2020. The Yankees signed Cervelli as an international free agent in 2003. He made his MLB debut with the Yankees in 2008, and played on the 2009 World Series championship team that beat the Philadelphia Phillies. He also played in the 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics for the Italian national team. He was acquired by the Pirates in November 2014. The Pirates traded Cervelli to Atlanta in 2019, and he played for Miami in 2020 before announcing his retirement. Early life Francisco Cervelli was born in Valencia, Venezuela, to an Italian immigrant father, Emanuele Cervelli, and a Venezuelan mother, Damelis. He also has a sister. In Venezuela, Cervelli played shortstop, second base, and sometimes p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Everth Cabrera
Everth Cabrera (born November 17, 1986) is a Nicaraguan professional baseball infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres and Baltimore Orioles. He led the National League (NL) in stolen bases in 2012, and was an All-Star in 2013. Professional career Colorado Rockies Cabrera began his professional career in 2006, playing in the Colorado Rockies organization for the Casper Rockies. In 54 games, he hit .254 with 18 stolen bases. In 2007, he played for the Tri-City Dust Devils and Modesto Nuts, hitting .300 with 12 stolen bases in 150 at bats for the former and .267 in 15 at-bats for the latter. While with the Asheville Tourists in 2008, in 121 games he hit .284 with 73 stolen bases—more than any other minor leaguer. San Diego Padres He was selected by the Padres from the Rockies minor league system in the Rule 5 draft on December 11, 2008. 2009–2012 Cabrera stole 9 bases in spring training 2009 for the Padres, and made the opening day roster ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antonio Bastardo
Antonio Francisco Bastardo Rafael (born September 21, 1985) is a professional baseball relief pitcher who is currently a free agent. He is from the Dominican Republic. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Mets. Professional career Philadelphia Phillies 2007 Bastardo was signed by the Philadelphia Phillies in 2007 and assigned to the Lakewood BlueClaws of the "Low A" South Atlantic League. In Lakewood, Bastardo went 9–0, with a 1.87 earned run average in 15 games, all of which he started. He had 98 strikeouts and 42 walks in 91.2 innings of work. At the end of the 2007 season, Bastardo was promoted to the Clearwater Threshers of the "High A" Florida State League. For the Threshers in 2007, Bastardo appeared in one game, in which he gave up four earned runs but struck out twelve in five innings. 2008 Bastardo began the 2008 season in Clearwater, where he went 2–0 with a 1.17 earned run average ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Testosterone (medication)
Testosterone (T) is a medication and naturally occurring testosterone, steroid hormone. It is used to treat male hypogonadism, gender dysphoria, and certain types of breast cancer. It may also be used to increase athletic ability in the form of doping in sport, doping. It is unclear if the use of testosterone for andropause, low levels due to aging is beneficial or harmful. Testosterone can be used as a gel or transdermal patch, patch that is applied to the skin, intramuscular injection, injection into a muscle, tablet that is Buccal administration, placed in the cheek, or tablet that is taken oral administration, by mouth. Common side effects of testosterone include acne, swelling (medical), swelling, and gynecomastia, breast enlargement in men. Serious side effects may include liver toxicity, heart disease, and behavioral changes. Women and children who are exposed may develop virilization, masculinization. It is recommended that individuals with prostate cancer not use the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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