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Bihar (county)
Bihar was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary and a county of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Principality of Transylvania (since the 16th century, when it was under the rule of the Princes of Transylvania). Most of its territory is now part of Romania, while a smaller western part belongs to Hungary. The capital of the county was Nagyvárad (now Oradea in Romania). Albrecht Dürer's father was from this county. Geography Bihar County was situated along the upper courses of the rivers Körös, Sebes-Körös, Fekete-Körös and Berettyó. The medieval county also included ''Kalotaszeg'' region (now Țara Călatei in Romania). The total territory of the medieval county was around . After 1876, Bihar county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Békés, Hajdú, Szabolcs, Szatmár, Szilágy, Kolozs, Torda-Aranyos and Arad. The western half of the county was in the Pannonian plain, while the eastern half was part of the Apuseni mount ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comitatus (Kingdom Of Hungary)
''Comitatus'' was in ancient times the Latin term for an armed escort or retinue. The term is used especially in the context of Germanic warrior culture for a warband tied to a leader by an oath of fealty and describes the relations between a lord and his retainers, or thanes (OE þegn). The concept is generally considered by scholars to be more of a literary trope rather than one of historical accuracy. Scholars Bruce Mitchell and Fred C. Robinson describe the ''comitatus'' more fully:An heroic warrior brought up in this 'comitatus''tradition would show a reckless disregard for his life. Whether he was doomed or not, courage was best, for the brave man could win ''lof'' lory among menwhile the coward might die before his time. This is the spirit which inspired the code of the ''comitatus''. While his lord lived, the warrior owed him loyalty unto death. If his lord were killed, the warrior had to avenge him or die in the attempt. The lord in his turn had the duty of being gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Țara Călatei
Țara Călatei ( hu, Kalotaszeg), The Land of Călata, is a region in Transylvania, Romania. It is one of the many areas in Western Romania with a significant Hungarian population, and it is a stronghold of old Transylvanian Hungarian folk traditions. Geography Țara Călatei is a rural region situated just west of Cluj-Napoca in the western part of Cluj County and in the southern part of Sălaj County. Its historical center is the small town of Huedin. The region has an ethnically mixed population: Romanians, Hungarians and Roma. Its Jewish population suffered heavily during the Second World War. In 2011 the census results of Romania show that the Hungarians are 20,000 people strong and form a minority of 30 percent of the total population. Name The region takes its name from the Călata people. The name formerly referred to a much larger territory; according to Lajos Kelemen's study on the history and historical monuments of the Țara Călatei region, during the Middle Age ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hungarian Conquest Of The Carpathian Basin
The Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, also known as the Hungarian conquest or the Hungarian land-taking (), was a series of historical events ending with the settlement of the Hungarians in Central Europe in the late 9th and early 10th century. Before the arrival of the Hungarians, three early medieval powers, the First Bulgarian Empire, East Francia, and Moravia, had fought each other for control of the Carpathian Basin. They occasionally hired Hungarian horsemen as soldiers. Therefore, the Hungarians who dwelt on the Pontic steppes east of the Carpathian Mountains were familiar with their future homeland when their conquest started. Archaeogenetic studies confirmed the Asian origin of the conquerors. The Hungarian conquest started in the context of a "late or 'small' migration of peoples". Contemporary sources attest that the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Mountains following a joint attack by the Pechenegs and Bulgarians in 894 or 895. They first took control ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menumorut
Menumorut or Menumorout (Modern hu, Ménmarót) was the ruler of the lands between the rivers Mureș, Someș and Tisza at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900, according to the ''Gesta Hungarorum'', a Hungarian chronicle written after 1150 by an unidentified author, referred to as Anonymus. Historians debate whether Menumorut was an actual ruler or a fictional character created by the author, since the ''Gesta'' tells of multiple figures, including Menumorut, who are not identified in any other primary sources, and does not name any of the enemies of the invading Hungarians written of in other contemporary accounts of the invasion. According to Anonymus, Menumorut's duchy was populated primarily with Khazars and Székelys, and he acknowledged the suzerainty of the (unnamed) ruling Byzantine Emperor at the time. Background Early history of the Magyars The most important source of the Magyars' early history is a work known as ''De Administrand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hungarian Language
Hungarian () is an Uralic language spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary, it is also spoken by Hungarian communities in southern Slovakia, western Ukraine ( Subcarpathia), central and western Romania ( Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, northeastern Slovenia (Prekmurje), and eastern Austria. It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States and Canada) and Israel. With 17 million speakers, it is the Uralic family's largest member by number of speakers. Classification Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family. Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family itself (then called Finno-Ugric) was established in 1717. Hungarian has traditionally been assigned to the Ugric ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apuseni
The Apuseni Mountains ( ro, Munții Apuseni, hu, Erdélyi-középhegység) is a mountain range in Transylvania, Romania, which belongs to the Western Romanian Carpathians, also called ''Occidentali'' in Romanian. Their name translates from Romanian as Mountains "of the sunset", i.e., "western". The highest peak is the Bihor Peak at . The Apuseni Mountains have about 400 caves. Geography The Apuseni Mountains do not present an uninterrupted chain of mountains, but possess many low and easy passes towards the Crișana and the Pannonian Plain. Going from south to north the principal groups are: the Munții Metaliferi ("Ore Mountains") with the basaltic masses of the Detunata () near Abrud; the Bihor Mountains, with numerous caverns, with the highest peak the Bihorul (); to the east of this group are the Muntele Mare (highest peak ), to the southwest of Cluj-Napoca; the northernmost chain is the Seș and Meseș Mountains. Boundaries *To the north: the Barcău River. *To ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pannonian Plain
The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large basin situated in south-east Central Europe. The geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewhat different sense, with only the lowlands, the plain that remained when the Pliocene Epoch ''Pannonian Sea'' dried out. It is a geomorphological subsystem of the Alps-Himalaya system, specifically a sediment-filled back-arc basin which spread apart during the Miocene. The plain or basin is diagonally bisected by the Transdanubian Mountains, separating the larger Great Hungarian Plain (including the Eastern Slovak Lowland) from the Little Hungarian Plain. It forms a topographically discrete unit set in the European landscape, surrounded by imposing geographic boundaries—the Carpathian Mountains and the Alps. The Rivers Danube and Tisza divide the basin roughly in half. It extends roughly between Vienna in the northwest, Košice in the northeast, Zagreb in the south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arad (Hungarian County)
Arad County was an administrative unit in the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania. The county was established along the Maros (Mureș) river in the 11th or the , but its first head, or ''ispán'', was only mentioned in 1214. Its territory is now part of Romania, except a small area (the town of Elek and the surrounding villages) which is part of Hungary. The capital of the county was Arad. Geography The medieval Arad County was situated in the lands along both banks of the Maros (Mureș) River. The existence of arable lands, pastures, vineyards and orchards in the western lowlands in the Middle Ages is well-documented. The hilly eastern regions were sparsely populated. The total territory of the medieval county was around . In 1744, Arad County absorbed a large part of Zaránd County, including its capital Zaránd/Zărand (the remainder of Zarand County was then reorganized, with Körösbánya/Baia de Criș as the new ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Torda-Aranyos
Torda-Aranyos was an administrative county ( comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in central Romania (central Transylvania). The capital of the county was Torda (present-day Turda). Geography Torda-Aranyos county shared borders with the Hungarian counties Arad, Bihar, Kolozs, Maros-Torda, Kis-Küküllő, Alsó-Fehér and Hunyad. The rivers Mureș and Arieș flowed through the county. Its area was 3,514 km2 around 1910. History Torda-Aranyos county was formed in 1876, when the western part of the Torda County and the Székely seat of Aranyosszék (plus small parts of Alsó-Fehér County) were united. In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania. Its territory lies in the present Romanian counties of Cluj (the north, including Turda), Alba (the south and west) and Mureș (the east). Demographics Subdivisions In the early 20th century, the subdivisions of Torda-Aranyos county were: See also * Torda County Torda ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kolozs
Kolozs County was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and of the Principality of Transylvania. Its territory is now in north-western Romania (north-western Transylvania). The capital of the county was Kolozsvár (present-day Cluj-Napoca). Geography After 1876, Kolozs County shared borders with the Hungarian counties Bihar, Szilágy, Szolnok-Doboka, Beszterce-Naszód, Maros-Torda, and Torda-Aranyos. The rivers Crișul Repede and Someșul Mic flowed through the county. Its area was in 1910. History Kolozs County was formed in the 11th century. In 1876, when the administrative structure of Transylvania was changed, the territory of Kolozs was modified and some villages of Doboka County (which was then disbanded) were annexed to it. In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania. Following the Second Vienna Award, large part of it was retaken by Hungary in 1940 and the county was recreated; how ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Szilágy County
Szilágy (Romanian: Sălaj) was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now in north-western Romania. The capital of the county was Zilah (present-day Zalău in Romania). Geography Szilágy county shared borders with the Hungarian counties of Bihar, Szatmár, Szolnok-Doboka and Kolozs. The rivers Someş and Crasna flowed through the county. Its territory was largely the same as that of the present Romanian county Sălaj. Its area was 3,815 km2 around 1910. History Szilágy county was formed in 1876, when the counties of Kraszna (its center was Kraszna/ Crasna at first, then Valkóváralja/ Sub Cetate, later Szilágysomlyó/Șimleu Silvaniei), Közép-Szolnok (its center was Zilah/Zalău) and the Egregy/Agrij district of Doboka County were united. In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, the county became part of Romania. It was returned to Hungary by the Second Vienna Award in 1940, with a slightly modified territory. After World W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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