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Bethel V. Fraser
''Bethel School District v. Fraser'', 478 U.S. 675 (1986), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court involving free speech in public schools. High school student Matthew Fraser was suspended from school in the Bethel School District in Washington for making a speech including sexual innuendo at a school assembly. The Supreme Court held that his suspension did not violate his First Amendment right to freedom of speech. Background On April 26, 1983, Matthew Fraser, a Pierce County, Washington high school senior, gave a speech nominating classmate Jeff Kuhlman for Associated Student Body vice president. The speech was filled with sexual innuendos, but not obscenity, prompting disciplinary action from the administration. The speech was as follows: After appealing through the grievance procedures of his school, he was still found to be in violation of several school policies against disruptive behavior and the use of vulgar and offensive speech. These gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
9th Cir
9 (nine) is the natural number following and preceding . Evolution of the Arabic digit In the Brahmi numerals, beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and Gupta started curving the bottom vertical line coming up with a -look-alike. The Nagari continued the bottom stroke to make a circle and enclose the 3-look-alike, in much the same way that the sign @ encircles a lowercase ''a''. As time went on, the enclosing circle became bigger and its line continued beyond the circle downwards, as the 3-look-alike became smaller. Soon, all that was left of the 3-look-alike was a squiggle. The Arabs simply connected that squiggle to the downward stroke at the middle and subsequent European change was purely cosmetic. While the shape of the glyph for the digit 9 has an Ascender (typography), ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a desc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jack Edward Tanner
Jack Edward Tanner (January 28, 1919 – January 10, 2006) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington and the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. Education and career Born in Tacoma, Washington, Tanner was in the United States Army during World War II, from 1943 to 1945. He worked as a longshoreman in Tacoma until his graduation from law school. He received a Bachelor of Laws from the University of Washington School of Law in 1955. He was in private practice in Tacoma from 1955 to 1978. He was a regional leader of the NAACP from 1957 to 1965. Federal judicial service On January 20, 1978, Tanner was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington and the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, vacated by Judge William Nelson Goodwin. Tanner was confirmed by the United States ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hazelwood School District V
Hazelwood or Hazlewood may refer to: Places Australia *Hazelwood, Victoria, an area in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria; now known as Churchill *Hazelwood Power Station, Victoria, in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria *Hazelwood North, Victoria, a town in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria *Hazelwood, Victoria, also known as Hazelwood Pondage, an artificial lake in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria *Hazelwood Park, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide ** Hazelwood Park, Adelaide Canada * Rural Municipality of Hazelwood No. 94, Saskatchewan, a rural municipality England *Hazelwood, Derbyshire (also spelt Hazlewood) * Hazelwood, Devon, the location of the Blackdown Rings earthworks *Hazelwood, London, in the London Borough of Bromley *Hazlewood, North Yorkshire *Hazlewood Castle, North Yorkshire *Hazlewood with Storiths, North Yorkshire Ireland *Hazelwood, County Sligo ** Hazelwood House, Sligo, an 18th century mansion South Africa * Hazelwood, Pretoria, a suburb of Pretoria, Gauteng Province Unite ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freedom Of Speech In Schools In The United States
The issue of school speech or curricular speech as it relates to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution has been the center of controversy and litigation since the mid-20th century. The First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech applies to students in the public schools. In the landmark decision ''Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District'', the U.S. Supreme Court formally recognized that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate". The core principles of ''Tinker'' remain unaltered, but are clarified by several important decisions, including '' Bethel School District v. Fraser, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier'', '' Morse v. Frederick,'' and ''Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.'' Despite respect for the legitimate educational interests of school officials, the Supreme Court has not abandoned Tinker; it continues to recognize the basis precept of ''Tinker'' that viewpoi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tinker V
Tinker or tinkerer is an archaic term for an itinerant tinsmith who mends household utensils. Description ''Tinker'' for metal-worker is attested from the thirteenth century as ''tyckner'' or ''tinkler''. Some travelling groups and Romani people specialised in the trade, and the name was particularly associated with indigenous Irish Travellers and Scottish Highland Travellers – the name of whose language ''Beurla Reagaird'' means "speech of the metalworkers".Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. ''Travellers and their Language'' (2002) Queen's University Belfast However, this use is considered offensive. The term "tinker", in British English, may refer to a mischievous child. Some modern-day nomads with an English, an Irish or a Scottish influence call themselves "techno-tinkers" or "technogypsies" in a revival of sorts of the romantic view of the tinker's lifestyle. "Tinker's dam" or "damn" and "tinker's curse" Both phrases tinker's damn and tinker's curse can be applied to so ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Paul Stevens
John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1975 to 2010. At the time of his retirement, he was the second-oldest justice in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court and the third- longest-serving justice. At the time of his death in 2019 at age 99, he was the longest-lived Supreme Court justice ever. His long tenure saw him write for the Court on most issues of American law, including civil liberties, the death penalty, government action, and intellectual property. In cases involving presidents of the United States, he wrote for the court that they were to be held accountable under American law. Despite being a registered Republican who throughout his life identified as a conservative, Stevens was considered to have been on the liberal side of the Court at the time of his retirement. Born in Chicago, Stevens served in the United States Navy during Wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American civil rights lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1967 until 1991. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Prior to his judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Marshall coordinated the assault on racial segregation in schools. He won 29 of the 32 civil rights cases he argued before the Supreme Court, culminating in the Court's landmark 1954 decision in ''Brown v. Board of Education'', which rejected the separate but equal doctrine and held segregation in public education to be unconstitutional. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Marshall to the Supreme Court in 1967. A staunch liberal, he frequently dissented as the Court became increasingly conservative. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall attended Lincoln University and the Howard Universi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harry Blackmun
Harry Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 to 1994. Appointed by Republican President Richard Nixon, Blackmun ultimately became one of the most liberal justices on the Court. He is best known as the author of the Court's opinion in ''Roe v. Wade.'' Raised in Saint Paul, Minnesota, Blackmun graduated from Harvard Law School in 1932. He practiced law in the Twin Cities, representing clients such as the Mayo Clinic. In 1959, President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. After the defeat of two previous nominees, President Nixon successfully nominated Blackmun to the Supreme Court to replace Associate Justice Abe Fortas. Blackmun and his close friend, Chief Justice Warren Burger, were often called the " Minnesota Twins", but Blackmun drifted away from Burger during their tenure on th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William J
William is a male given name of Germanic origin.Hanks, Hardcastle and Hodges, ''Oxford Dictionary of First Names'', Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, , p. 276. It became very popular in the English language after the Norman conquest of England in 1066,All Things William"Meaning & Origin of the Name"/ref> and remained so throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era. It is sometimes abbreviated "Wm." Shortened familiar versions in English include Will, Wills, Willy, Willie, Bill, and Billy. A common Irish form is Liam. Scottish diminutives include Wull, Willie or Wullie (as in Oor Wullie or the play ''Douglas''). Female forms are Willa, Willemina, Wilma and Wilhelmina. Etymology William is related to the given name ''Wilhelm'' (cf. Proto-Germanic ᚹᛁᛚᛃᚨᚺᛖᛚᛗᚨᛉ, ''*Wiljahelmaz'' > German ''Wilhelm'' and Old Norse ᚢᛁᛚᛋᛅᚼᛅᛚᛘᛅᛋ, ''Vilhjálmr''). By regular sound changes, the native, inherited English form of the name shoul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Associate Justice Of The Supreme Court Of The United States
An associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States is any member of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the chief justice of the United States. The number of associate justices is eight, as set by the Judiciary Act of 1869. Appointments Clause, Article II, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution of the United States grants plenary power to the President of the United States, president to nominate, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the United States Senate, Senate, appoint justices to the Supreme Court. Article Three of the United States Constitution, Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution effectively grants life tenure to associate justices, and all other United States federal judge, federal judges, which ends only when a justice dies, retires, resigns, or is removed from office by Federal impeachment in the United States, impeachment. Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it, and the chief j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burger Court
The Burger Court was the period in the history of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States. Burger succeeded Earl Warren as Chief Justice after the latter's retirement, and Burger served as Chief Justice until his retirement, at which point William Rehnquist was nominated and confirmed as Burger's replacement. The Burger Court is generally considered to be the last liberal court to date. It has been described as a "transitional" court, due to its transition from having the liberal rulings of the Warren Court to the conservative rulings of the Rehnquist Court. A symbol of the conservative "retrenchment" promised by President Richard Nixon in the 1968 election, Burger was often overshadowed by the liberal William Brennan and the more conservative William Rehnquist. The Burger Court had a less generous interpretation of the protections offered by the Fourth Amendment and the Fifth Amendment than t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bowsher V
Bowsher is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Charles Arthur Bowsher (born 1931), American businessman and politician *Dennis Bowsher (born 1983), American modern pentathlete *Jack Bowsher (1930–2006), American race car driver and car owner *Stan Bowsher Stan or STAN may refer to: People * Stan (given name), a list of people with the given name ** Stan Laurel (1890–1965), English comic actor, part of duo Laurel and Hardy * Stan (surname), a Romanian surname * Stan! (born 1964), American author ... (1899–1968), Welsh professional footballer See also * Bosher Club {{surname ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
