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Benny Murdani
General (Ret.) Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani (also publicly known as LB Moerdani or Benny Moerdani and in foreign media as Murdani; 2 October 1932 – 29 August 2004) was the ABRI Commander from 1983 to 1988 and also served as Indonesia's Minister of Defense and Security. He is famous due to his strong stance in many decisive situations in Indonesian political and social life. He was also significant as a leader who was Catholic in a predominantly Muslim community. Early life Moerdani was born on 2 October 1932 at Cepu, in the Blora Regency in Central Java, to R.G. Moerdani Sosrodirjo, a railway worker and his Indo Eurasian wife Jeanne Roech, who was half German. Moerdani was the 3rd out of 11 children. Although a Muslim, Moerdani Sosrodirjo tolerated his wife's and in their turn, his children's Catholic faith. Military career Early Military Career After the Indonesian Declaration of Independence on 17 August 1945, Moerdani was caught up in the wave of nationalism. In Oc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operation Trikora
Operation Trikora was an Indonesian military operation which aimed to seize and annex the Dutch overseas territory of Netherlands New Guinea in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the New York Agreement with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the United Nations. Background When the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia in December 1949, the Dutch retained sovereignty over the western part of the island of New Guinea and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. The Dutch and some West Papuan leaders argued that the territory did not belong to Indonesia because the West Papuans were ethnically and geographically separated from Indonesians, had always been administrated separately, and that the West Papuans did not want to be under Indonesian control.Ron Crocombe, 282 From its independence in 1949 until 1961, Indonesia attempted to gain control of Western New Gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indonesian National Armed Forces
, founded = as the ('People's Security Forces') , current_form = , disbanded = , branches = , headquarters = Cilangkap, Jakarta , website = , commander-in-chief = Joko Widodo , commander-in-chief_title = Commander-in-Chief , chief minister = Mahfud MD , chief minister_title = Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs , minister = Lt. Gen. (ret.) Prabowo Subianto , minister_title = Minister of Defence , commander = Admiral Yudo Margono , commander_title = Commander of the Armed Forces , age = 17 , conscription = No , manpower_data = 2016 , manpower_age = , available = 131,000,000 , available_f = , fit = 108,000,000 , fit_f = , reaching = 4,500,000 , reaching_f = , active = 400,000 , ranked = 13th , reserve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
General
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED Online. March 2021. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77489?rskey=dCKrg4&result=1 (accessed May 11, 2021) The term ''general'' is used in two ways: as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of ''captain general'', which rank was taken from Middle French ''capitaine général''. The adjective ''general'' had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of ''general'' is known in some countries as a four-star rank. However, different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks. It has a NATO rank scal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The White Elephant
__NOTOC__ The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant ( th, เครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์อันเป็นที่เชิดชูยิ่งช้างเผือก; ) is an order (decoration), order of Thailand. It was established in 1861 by King Mongkut, Rama IV of the Thailand, Kingdom of Siam. Along with the Order of the Crown of Thailand, it is regularly awarded to any government official for services rendered to Thailand for five years, making it Thailand's most-commonly awarded order. Classes The order consists of eight classes: Gallery Old designs File:Woodcraving of the Order of the White Elephant,1st Class (Maha Varabhorn), Wat Ratchabophit.jpg, A woodcarving of "Maha Varabhorn", the Knight Grand Cross (First Class) of the Order of the White Elephant, version that used from 1869 to 1909, at gates of Phra Vihara of Wat Ratchabophit, Wat Ratchabophit Sathit Maha Simaram, Bangkok. File:Mother-of-pearl inlay of the Order of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippine Legion Of Honor
The Philippine Legion of Honor ( fil, Lehiyong Pandangal ng Pilipinas; es, Legion de Honor Filipino) was established by President Manuel Roxas, through Philippine Army Circular No. 60 dated July 3, 1947. The Philippine Legion of Honor was patterned after the Legion of Merit of the United States of America, and was meant to honor both civilians and members of the military, Filipino or foreign. Originally, like the U.S. Legion of Merit, the Philippine Legion of Honor had four classes, known as degrees, with Legionnaire being the basic rank, and Chief Commander being the highest. With the reform of the Philippine system of orders and decorations in 2003, the Philippine Legion of Honor's classes were renamed "ranks" instead of "degrees", and the ranks expanded. Criteria Today, the Philippine Legion of Honor is conferred upon a Filipino or foreign citizen in recognition of valuable and meritorious service in relation to the military affairs of the Republic of the Philippines. It is t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The Star Of Hornbill Sarawak
The Darjah Yang Amat Mulia Bintang Kenyalang Sarawak (Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak) is the second highest order group (in the group of orders) of the orders, decorations, and medals of Sarawak. The order was instituted in 1970, and was redesigned in 1988. Two more ranks were added to the order: the 'Officer' in 1988 and the 'Companion' in 2002. The order is divided into six classes: Nomination criteria Panglima Gemilang Bintang Kenyalang (P.G.B.K.) Especially designated for men and women who rendered excellent service to the State of Sarawak for a long period of time and has strong influence with the highest display of responsibility befitting their station. Johan Bintang Kenyalang (J.B.K.) Bestowed to men and women with high standing and provided an honourable service to the State of Sarawak in their respective fields. In order to qualify, the nominees display a strong influence in the field they are active in, and where it is exercised for the good of all. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The Crown Of Johor
The Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor (Malay: ''Darjah Mahkota Johor Yang Amat Mulia'') is an Order of chivalry awarded by the Sultan of Johor. It was first instituted on July 31, 1886. It is awarded in three classes: *Knight Grand Commander (''Dato' Sri Paduka-S.P.M.J.), *Knight Commander (''Dato' Paduka-D.P.M.J.) and *Companion (''Setia-S.M.J.''). Male recipients of these royal awards, the Dato' Sri Paduka Mahkota Johor (SPMJ) and the Dato' Paduka Mahkota Johor (DPMJ) are entitled to be addressed with the honorary title “Dato” (equivalent to ‘Sir’) and their female spouse “Datin” (equivalent to ‘Lady’). Female recipients are given the honorary title Datin Paduka (equivalent to 'Dame') but there is no accompanying title for their male spouse. The Order of the Crown of Johor is the oldest royal order in the country, introduced some 30 years before any of the other Malaysian royal households introduced a similar order. The awards are bestowed based on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of The Defender Of The Realm
The Most Esteemed Order of the Defender of the Realm ( ms, Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara) is a Malaysian federal award presented for meritorious service to the country. The Order Motto are 'Dipeliharakan Allah-Pangkuan Negara' (By the Grace of God-Defender of the Realm). The order was instituted on 6 August 1958 and initially had the five highest ranks. The medal was added on 19 August 1960. Order ranks The order has six ranks: Grand Commander * Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (S.M.N.) ( ms, Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara).Official Malay monarchy website , Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara (S.M.N.), photo of the decoration This rank is limited to 25 living recipients at any time, except foreign citizens who are conferred honorary awards. The recipient of this award recei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orders, Decorations, And Medals Of Malaysia
The orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia comprise a complex system by which Malaysians and qualified foreigners are honoured by the country's sovereign for actions or deeds that benefit their community or the country at large. Modelled on its British predecessor, the orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia were created after formation of Malaysia. The honour system came to exist earlier during Federation of Malaya. During the British colonial times, honours were given under the British honour system. Johor was the first state to institute its own honours on 31 July 1880. Then, the other Malay states did the same. The monarch is regarded as the fount of all honours—as he is the only person who may create new national honours—and acts as the Sovereign of all of Malaysia's orders; he will conduct inductions or present medals. In Malaysia, the monarch is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, who also carries out investitures and distributes awards in the sovereign's name. As su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order Of Paduka Keberanian Laila Terbilang
The Most Exalted Order of Paduka Keberanian Laila Terbilang ( ms, Darjah Paduka Keberanian Laila Terbilang Yang Amat Gemilang), also translated as The Most Exalted Order of Famous Valour, is an order of Brunei. It was established on 1 August 1968 by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. Rank The order consists of three classes: Notable Recipients * Brunei Darussalam : ** Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah ** Crown Prince Al-Muhtadee Billah ** Prince Abdul Mateen ** Mariam 'Abdu'l Aziz ** Muhammad Irwan bin Haji Hambali ** Major General Aminan Mahmud ** Major General Sulaiman Damit ** Major General Aminuddin Ihsan ** Major General Haszaimi Bol Hassan * Singapore : ** Lieutenant General Winston Choo, Chief of Defence Force of the Singapore Armed Forces ** Lieutenant General Ng Chee Meng, Chief of Defence Force of the Singapore Armed Forces ** Lieutenant General Neo Kian Hong, Chief of Defence Force of the Singapore Armed Forces ** Lieutenant General Ng Yat Chung, Chief of Defence Force of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Retirement
Retirement is the withdrawal from one's position or occupation or from one's active working life. A person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours or workload. Many people choose to retire when they are elderly or incapable of doing their job due to health reasons. People may also retire when they are eligible for private or public pension benefits, although some are forced to retire when bodily conditions no longer allow the person to work any longer (by illness or accident) or as a result of legislation concerning their positions. In most countries, the idea of retirement is of recent origin, being introduced during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Previously, low life expectancy, lack of social security and the absence of pension arrangements meant that most workers continued to work until their death. Germany was the first country to introduce retirement benefits in 1889. Nowadays, most developed countries have systems to provide pensions on retirement ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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