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Beirut Castle
Beirut Castle was a major Crusader castle located in downtown Beirut, Lebanon. It was mostly built during the Crusades and demolished during works of extension of the Port of Beirut in the late 19th century. History Beirut's city walls are mentioned by William of Tyre at the time of its Siege of Beirut (1110), first conquest by the Crusaders in 1110. A first city castle appears to have been built in 1183-1185, following Saladin's unsuccessful siege attempt in 1183 and probably under the leadership of Raymond III, Count of Tripoli. By the time Saladin came back and successfully took over Beirut in 1187, the city castle was well documented by chroniclers. In 1197 the city was taken back by the Crusaders, and in 1198 it came under the rule of John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut, John of Ibelin. The castle was described in 1212 by Wilbrand of Oldenburg, following its refurbishment by John. When Mamluk troops captured the city from the Crusaders in 1291, they partly demolished th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Free Trade
Free trade is a trade policy that does not restrict imports or exports. It can also be understood as the free market idea applied to international trade. In government, free trade is predominantly advocated by political parties that hold economically liberal positions, while economic nationalist and left-wing political parties generally support protectionism, the opposite of free trade. Most nations are today members of the World Trade Organization multilateral trade agreements. Free trade was best exemplified by the unilateral stance of Great Britain who reduced regulations and duties on imports and exports from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1920s. An alternative approach, of creating free trade areas between groups of countries by agreement, such as that of the European Economic Area and the Mercosur open markets, creates a protectionist barrier between that free trade area and the rest of the world. Most governments still impose some protectionist policies that are inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crusader Castles
Crusader or Crusaders may refer to: Military * Crusader, a participant in one of the Crusades * Convair NB-36H Crusader, an experimental nuclear-powered bomber * Crusader tank, a British cruiser tank of World War II * Crusaders (guerrilla), a Croatian anti-communist guerrilla army * F-8 Crusader, a U.S. Navy fighter jet ** XF8U-3 Crusader III, an experimental fighter intended to replace the F-8 * , three British ships * Operation Crusader, a British attack in North Africa in the Second World War * VMFA-122 ''Crusaders'', United States Marine Corps fixed wing Fighter-Attack Squadron 122 * XM2001 Crusader, an American self-propelled artillery project Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional characters * Crusader (''Dungeons & Dragons''), a ''Dungeons & Dragons'' character class * Crusader (Marvel Comics), two different fictional characters in Marvel Comics * Crusader, an alias used by a character claiming to be Marvel Boy * Caped Crusader, an epithet for Batman * Crusader X, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Crusader Castles
A ''list'' is any set of items in a row. List or lists may also refer to: People * List (surname) Organizations * List College, an undergraduate division of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America * SC Germania List, German rugby union club Other uses * Angle of list, the leaning to either port or starboard of a ship * List (information), an ordered collection of pieces of information ** List (abstract data type), a method to organize data in computer science * List on Sylt, previously called List, the northernmost village in Germany, on the island of Sylt * ''List'', an alternative term for ''roll'' in flight dynamics * To ''list'' a building, etc., in the UK it means to designate it a listed building that may not be altered without permission * Lists (jousting), the barriers used to designate the tournament area where medieval knights jousted * ''The Book of Lists'', an American series of books with unusual lists See also * The List (other) * Listing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sidon Sea Castle
Sidon's Sea Castle ( ar, قلعة صيدا البحرية, ''Kalaat Saida al-Bahriya'') was built by the crusaders in the thirteenth century as a fortress of the holy land. It is one of the most prominent historical sites in the port city of Sidon, Lebanon. History The city of Sidon is located on the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon. This ancient Phoenician city has been of great religious, political and commercial value; it is said to be inhabited since 4000 B.C. In AD 1228, the Crusaders built Sidon's Sea Castle as a fortress on a small island connected to the mainland by a narrow 80m long roadway. The island was formerly the site of a temple to Melqart, the Phoenician version of Heracles. The beauty of the Castle can be seen in old illustrations of it; however, after bearing several wars, it has been damaged and renovated several times. It was partially destroyed by the Mamluks when they took over the city from the Crusaders, but they subsequently rebuilt it and added the long caus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Byblos Castle
Byblos Castle is a Crusader castle in Byblos, Lebanon. In Crusader times it was known as the Castle of Gibelet , also spelled Giblet, which belonged to the Genoese Embriaco family, Lords of the city. It is adjacent to the Phoenician archaeological site containing the ruins of the Temple of Baalat Gebal and the Temple of the Obelisks. History The castle was built by the Crusaders in the 12th century from indigenous limestone and the remains of Roman structures. The finished structure was surrounded by a moat. It belonged to the Genoese Embriaco family, whose members were the Lords of Gibelet from 1100 to the late 13th century. Saladin captured the town and castle in 1188 and partially dismantled the walls in 1190. Later, the Crusaders recaptured Byblos and rebuilt the fortifications of the castle in 1197. In 1369, the castle had to fend off an attack from Cypriot vessels from Famagusta. The Byblos Castle has distinguished historical buildings for neighbors. Nearby stand a few ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Castle Square, Beirut
Castle Square is a square in Beirut, Lebanon, named after Beirut Castle that stood nearby until demolition in the late 19th century. Remains of a western extension of the castle are preserved within the square. Timeline * 8th century: Reinforcement of the Tell with a fortress. * Crusader period: A 6-meter-wide moat separated the southwestern tower from the lower city, protecting the castle from attacks. * 1827 and 1840: Heavy naval bombardments rendered the castle obsolete. * 1890s: The fort and the castle promontory were demolished to construct a road and railway. * 2010: Excavation for the construction of Castle Square revealed a western extension of the Crusader Castle. See also * Beirut Castle * Martyrs' Square, Beirut References * Antaki, Patricia (2001) “The Crusader Castle of Beirut”, in: Beirut: History and Archaeology, Proceedings of ARAM Twelfth International Conference (American University of Beirut Lebanon 13-16 April 1999), Aram 13-14: 323-353. * Davie, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burj Al-Kashef
Burj ( ar, برج, ''tower'', derived from either Middle Persian "burg" or Greek loan-word "pyrgos") may refer to: Places India *Burj Kaila, a village in Jalandhar district, Punjab, India *Burj Pukhta, a village in Jalandhar district, Punjab, India Iran *Burj, Markazi, a village in Shazand County, Markazi Province *Borj-e Mohammadan or Burj, a village in Zirkuh County, South Khorasan Province *Burj-i-Qanat, a village in Sarbisheh County, South Khorasan Province Israel/Palestine *al-Burj, Hebron, a Palestinian village in Hebron Governorate *al-Burj, Ramle, a Palestinian village in the Ramle Subdistrict, depopulated in 1948 * Khirbat Al-Burj, a depopulated Palestinian village in the Haifa Subdistrict and archeological site *Khirbat Umm Burj, a Palestinian village in the Hebron Subdistrict, depopulated in 1948 Lebanon *Bourj Hammoud, a suburb of northeast Beirut *Burj el-Shemali, a Palestinian refugee camp near Tyre Pakistan *Burj Attari, a town in the Punjab province of Pakistan * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Foch Street
Streets named after Ferdinand Foch can be found in many cities of France and in many other places around the world. Marshal Ferdinand Foch (1851-1929) was Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War. The following is a list of streets honouring Ferdinand Foch around the world. Places Belgium * Avenue Maréchal Foch, a street in the Schaerbeek municipality of Bruxelles * Fochlaan, in Knokke-Heist * Maarschalk Fochlaan, in Ypres * Maarschalk Fochstraat, in Leopoldsburg Canada * Rue Foch, Verdun in Montréal * Rue Maréchal-Foch, quartier St-Sacrement in Québec China * Central Yan'an Road, a road in Shanghai, China, called Avenue Foch between 1920 and 1943 France * Avenue Foch, a street in Nancy * Avenue Foch, a street in Lille * Avenue Foch, a street in Lyon * Avenue Foch, a street in Metz * Avenue Foch, a street in La Garenne-Colombes * Avenue Foch, a street in Havre * Avenue Foch, a street in Brest * Avenue Foch, a street in Dijon * Avenue Foch, a street ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancient Tell Of Beirut
{{coord, 33, 53, 55, N, 35, 30, 28, E, display=title The Ancient Tell is a Tell in downtown Beirut, Lebanon. In the 1990s, the effort to rebuild Beirut following the Lebanese Civil War provided archaeologists with the unique opportunity to investigate the Tell, revealing many layers of the city. History Around 2500 B.C., Canaanite ''Biruta'' was a small town, overlooking a natural bay where ships sought shelter. Local and foreign goods were traded, while the ships renewed their supplies. Between 1200 and 1000 B.C., Phoenician Beirut/Biruta regained its role as a maritime center, and established two harbors and extended trade links throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. Large quantities of crushed rock were piled against the fortifications of the old Canaanite city wall in order to create a stone-paved embankment (glacis). The eastern entrance has survived, along with its stairways leading up to a gate in the enclosure wall. Excavations have shown that many repairs were carried ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beirut Central District
The Beirut Central District (BCD) or ''Centre Ville'' is the historical and geographical core of Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. Also called downtown Beirut, it has been described the “vibrant financial, commercial, and administrative hub of the country.” It is thousands of years old, traditionally a focus of business, finance, culture and leisure. It is situated on the city's northern coast and is easily accessible from all parts of the city. This includes the adjacent Beirut Seaport and Rafik Hariri International Airport. Major roads converge on it or from boundaries to the east, south and west, or line its long seafront to the north. After the city center was destroyed by the Lebanese Civil War, it underwent thorough reconstruction and development, which restored its cultural and economic position in the region. A master plan for reconstructing the city was officially approved by the Lebanese Government in March 1994 after a series of detailed studies alongside p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Helou
Charles Helou ( ar, شارل الحلو; 25 September 1913 – 7 January 2001) was a Lebanese politician and President of Lebanon from 1964 to 1970. Early life and education Born in Beirut on 25 September 1913, Helou was the scion of a powerful Maronite family from Baabda. He graduated with honours from St. Joseph's University in Beirut in 1929, and went on to complete a law degree in 1934. Helou worked in his early years as a journalist at the French language newspaper '' L'Eclair du Nord''. He was also at one time the political editor of ''Le Jour'', a French daily newspaper owned by his close friend Michel Chiha. In 1936, he made his first foray into politics, when he joined with Pierre Gemayel and three others in launching the Kataeb (Phalangist) Party. Differences with Gemayel later led Helou to quit the party, however. Career Helou's first governmental appointment was as ambassador to the Vatican in 1947. In 1949 he took part in the Israel/Lebanese armistice nego ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
