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Back Substitution
In mathematics, a triangular matrix is a special kind of square matrix. A square matrix is called if all the entries ''above'' the main diagonal are zero. Similarly, a square matrix is called if all the entries ''below'' the main diagonal are zero. Because matrix equations with triangular matrices are easier to solve, they are very important in numerical analysis. By the LU decomposition algorithm, an invertible matrix may be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix ''L'' and an upper triangular matrix ''U'' if and only if all its leading principal minors are non-zero. Description A matrix of the form :L = \begin \ell_ & & & & 0 \\ \ell_ & \ell_ & & & \\ \ell_ & \ell_ & \ddots & & \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \\ \ell_ & \ell_ & \ldots & \ell_ & \ell_ \end is called a lower triangular matrix or left triangular matrix, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triangular Array
In mathematics and computing, a triangular array of numbers, polynomials, or the like, is a doubly indexed sequence in which each row is only as long as the row's own index. That is, the ''i''th row contains only ''i'' elements. Examples Notable particular examples include these: *The Bell triangle, whose numbers count the partitions of a set in which a given element is the largest singleton * Catalan's triangle, which counts strings of parentheses in which no close parenthesis is unmatched * Euler's triangle, which counts permutations with a given number of ascents * Floyd's triangle, whose entries are all of the integers in order * Hosoya's triangle, based on the Fibonacci numbers * Lozanić's triangle, used in the mathematics of chemical compounds * Narayana triangle, counting strings of balanced parentheses with a given number of distinct nestings * Pascal's triangle, whose entries are the binomial coefficients Triangular arrays of integers in which each row is symmetr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Permanent (mathematics)
In linear algebra, the permanent of a square matrix is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant. The permanent, as well as the determinant, is a polynomial in the entries of the matrix. Both are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the immanant. Definition The permanent of an matrix is defined as \operatorname(A)=\sum_\prod_^n a_. The sum here extends over all elements σ of the symmetric group ''S''''n''; i.e. over all permutations of the numbers 1, 2, ..., ''n''. For example, \operatorname\begina&b \\ c&d\end=ad+bc, and \operatorname\begina&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ g&h&i \end=aei + bfg + cdh + ceg + bdi + afh. The definition of the permanent of ''A'' differs from that of the determinant of ''A'' in that the signatures of the permutations are not taken into account. The permanent of a matrix A is denoted per ''A'', perm ''A'', or Per ''A'', sometimes with parentheses around the argument. Minc uses Per(''A'') for the permanent of rectangular m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Standard Flag
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a flag is an increasing sequence of subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space ''V''. Here "increasing" means each is a proper subspace of the next (see filtration): :\ = V_0 \sub V_1 \sub V_2 \sub \cdots \sub V_k = V. The term ''flag'' is motivated by a particular example resembling a flag: the zero point, a line, and a plane correspond to a nail, a staff, and a sheet of fabric. If we write that dim''V''''i'' = ''d''''i'' then we have :0 = d_0 < d_1 < d_2 < \cdots < d_k = n, where ''n'' is the dimension of ''V'' (assumed to be finite). Hence, we must have ''k'' ≤ ''n''. A flag is called a complete flag if ''d''''i'' = ''i'' for all ''i'', otherwise it is called a partial flag. A partial flag can be obtained from a complete flag by deleting some of the subspaces. Conversely, any partial fla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag (linear Algebra)
In mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, a flag is an increasing sequence of subspaces of a finite-dimensional vector space ''V''. Here "increasing" means each is a proper subspace of the next (see filtration): :\ = V_0 \sub V_1 \sub V_2 \sub \cdots \sub V_k = V. The term ''flag'' is motivated by a particular example resembling a flag: the zero point, a line, and a plane correspond to a nail, a staff, and a sheet of fabric. If we write that dim''V''''i'' = ''d''''i'' then we have :0 = d_0 < d_1 < d_2 < \cdots < d_k = n, where ''n'' is the of ''V'' (assumed to be finite). Hence, we must have ''k'' ≤ ''n''. A flag is called a complete flag if ''d''''i'' = ''i'' for all ''i'', otherwise it is called a partial flag. A partial flag can be obtained from a complete flag by deleting some of the subspaces. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Similar Matrix
In linear algebra, two ''n''-by-''n'' matrices and are called similar if there exists an invertible ''n''-by-''n'' matrix such that B = P^ A P . Similar matrices represent the same linear map under two (possibly) different bases, with being the change of basis matrix. A transformation is called a similarity transformation or conjugation of the matrix . In the general linear group, similarity is therefore the same as conjugacy, and similar matrices are also called conjugate; however, in a given subgroup of the general linear group, the notion of conjugacy may be more restrictive than similarity, since it requires that be chosen to lie in . Motivating example When defining a linear transformation, it can be the case that a change of basis can result in a simpler form of the same transformation. For example, the matrix representing a rotation in when the axis of rotation is not aligned with the coordinate axis can be complicated to compute. If the axis of rotation wer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Off-diagonal Element
In geometry, a diagonal is a line segment joining two vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, when those vertices are not on the same edge. Informally, any sloping line is called diagonal. The word ''diagonal'' derives from the ancient Greek διαγώνιος ''diagonios'', "from angle to angle" (from διά- ''dia-'', "through", "across" and γωνία ''gonia'', "angle", related to ''gony'' "knee"); it was used by both Strabo and Euclid to refer to a line connecting two vertices of a rhombus or cuboid, and later adopted into Latin as ''diagonus'' ("slanting line"). In matrix algebra, the diagonal of a square matrix consists of the entries on the line from the top left corner to the bottom right corner. There are also other, non-mathematical uses. Non-mathematical uses In engineering, a diagonal brace is a beam used to brace a rectangular structure (such as scaffolding) to withstand strong forces pushing into it; although called a diagonal, due to practical considerations d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cayley–Hamilton Theorem
In linear algebra, the Cayley–Hamilton theorem (named after the mathematicians Arthur Cayley and William Rowan Hamilton) states that every square matrix over a commutative ring (such as the real or complex numbers or the integers) satisfies its own characteristic equation. If is a given matrix and is the identity matrix, then the characteristic polynomial of is defined as p_A(\lambda)=\det(\lambda I_n-A), where is the determinant operation and is a variable for a scalar element of the base ring. Since the entries of the matrix (\lambda I_n-A) are (linear or constant) polynomials in , the determinant is also a degree- monic polynomial in , p_A(\lambda) = \lambda^n + c_\lambda^ + \cdots + c_1\lambda + c_0~. One can create an analogous polynomial p_A(A) in the matrix instead of the scalar variable , defined as p_A(A) = A^n + c_A^ + \cdots + c_1A + c_0I_n~. The Cayley–Hamilton theorem states that this polynomial expression is equal to the zero matrix, which is to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nilpotent Matrix
In linear algebra, a nilpotent matrix is a square matrix ''N'' such that :N^k = 0\, for some positive integer k. The smallest such k is called the index of N, sometimes the degree of N. More generally, a nilpotent transformation is a linear transformation L of a vector space such that L^k = 0 for some positive integer k (and thus, L^j = 0 for all j \geq k). Both of these concepts are special cases of a more general concept of nilpotence that applies to elements of rings. Examples Example 1 The matrix : A = \begin 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 \end is nilpotent with index 2, since A^2 = 0. Example 2 More generally, any n-dimensional triangular matrix with zeros along the main diagonal is nilpotent, with index \le n . For example, the matrix : B=\begin 0 & 2 & 1 & 6\\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 2\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 3\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end is nilpotent, with : B^2=\begin 0 & 0 & 2 & 7\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 3\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end ;\ B^3=\begin 0 & 0 & 0 & 6\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unipotent
In mathematics, a unipotent element ''r'' of a ring ''R'' is one such that ''r'' − 1 is a nilpotent element; in other words, (''r'' − 1)''n'' is zero for some ''n''. In particular, a square matrix ''M'' is a unipotent matrix if and only if its characteristic polynomial ''P''(''t'') is a power of ''t'' − 1. Thus all the eigenvalues of a unipotent matrix are 1. The term quasi-unipotent means that some power is unipotent, for example for a diagonalizable matrix with eigenvalues that are all roots of unity. In the theory of algebraic groups, a group element is unipotent if it acts unipotently in a certain natural group representation. A unipotent affine algebraic group is then a group with all elements unipotent. Definition Definition with matrices Consider the group \mathbb_n of upper-triangular matrices with 1's along the diagonal, so they are the group of matrices :\mathbb_n = \left\. Then, a unipotent group can be defined ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matrix Norm
In mathematics, a matrix norm is a vector norm in a vector space whose elements (vectors) are matrices (of given dimensions). Preliminaries Given a field K of either real or complex numbers, let K^ be the -vector space of matrices with m rows and n columns and entries in the field K. A matrix norm is a norm on K^. This article will always write such norms with double vertical bars (like so: \, A\, ). Thus, the matrix norm is a function \, \cdot\, : K^ \to \R that must satisfy the following properties: For all scalars \alpha \in K and matrices A, B \in K^, *\, A\, \ge 0 (''positive-valued'') *\, A\, = 0 \iff A=0_ (''definite'') *\left\, \alpha A\right\, =\left, \alpha\ \left\, A\right\, (''absolutely homogeneous'') *\, A+B\, \le \, A\, +\, B\, (''sub-additive'' or satisfying the ''triangle inequality'') The only feature distinguishing matrices from rearranged vectors is multiplication. Matrix norms are particularly useful if they are also sub-multiplicative: *\le ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Identity Matrix
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size n is the n\times n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. Terminology and notation The identity matrix is often denoted by I_n, or simply by I if the size is immaterial or can be trivially determined by the context. I_1 = \begin 1 \end ,\ I_2 = \begin 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end ,\ I_3 = \begin 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end ,\ \dots ,\ I_n = \begin 1 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \end. The term unit matrix has also been widely used, but the term ''identity matrix'' is now standard. The term ''unit matrix'' is ambiguous, because it is also used for a matrix of ones and for any unit of the ring of all n\times n matrices. In some fields, such as group theory or quantum mechanics, the identity matrix is sometimes denoted by a boldface one, \mathbf, or called "id" (short for identity) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Characteristic Polynomial
In linear algebra, the characteristic polynomial of a square matrix is a polynomial which is invariant under matrix similarity and has the eigenvalues as roots. It has the determinant and the trace of the matrix among its coefficients. The characteristic polynomial of an endomorphism of a finite-dimensional vector space is the characteristic polynomial of the matrix of that endomorphism over any base (that is, the characteristic polynomial does not depend on the choice of a basis). The characteristic equation, also known as the determinantal equation, is the equation obtained by equating the characteristic polynomial to zero. In spectral graph theory, the characteristic polynomial of a graph is the characteristic polynomial of its adjacency matrix. Motivation In linear algebra, eigenvalues and eigenvectors play a fundamental role, since, given a linear transformation, an eigenvector is a vector whose direction is not changed by the transformation, and the correspondin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
