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Austrobilharzia
Schistosomatidae is a family of digenetic trematodes with complex parasitic life cycles. Immature developmental stages of schistosomes are found in molluscs and adults occur in vertebrates. The best studied group, the blood flukes of the genus ''Schistosoma'', infect and cause disease in humans. Other genera which are infective to non-human vertebrates can cause mild rashes in humans. Schistosomatids are dioecious (individuals are of separate sexes) which is exceptional with regards to their phylum, Platyhelminthes, in which most species are hermaphroditic (individuals possess both male and female reproductive systems). History The eggs of these parasites were first described by Theodor Bilharz, a German pathologist working in Egypt in 1851 who found the eggs during the course of an autopsy. He wrote two letters to his former teacher Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold in May and August 1851 describing his findings. von Siebold wrote a paper (published in 1852) summarizing Bilharz's ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schistosoma Mansoni
A paired couple of ''Schistosoma mansoni''. ''Schistosoma mansoni'' is a water-borne parasite of humans, and belongs to the group of blood flukes (''Schistosoma''). The adult lives in the blood vessels ( mesenteric veins) near the human intestine. It causes intestinal schistosomiasis (similar to '' S. japonicum'', '' S. mekongi'', ''S. guineensis'', and '' S. intercalatum''). Clinical symptoms are caused by the eggs. As the leading cause of schistosomiasis in the world, it is the most prevalent parasite in humans. It is classified as a neglected tropical disease. As of 2021, the World Health Organization reports that 236.6 million people have schistosomiasis and most of it is due to ''S. mansoni''. It is found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname. Unlike other flukes (trematodes) in which sexes are not separate ( monoecious), schistosomes are unique in that adults are divided into males and females, thus, gonochoric. However, a permanent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spirorchiidae
Spirorchiidae is a family of digenetic trematodes. Infestation by these trematodes leads to the disease spirorchiidiosis. Spirorchiids are mainly parasites of turtles. It has been synonymised with Proparorchiidae Ward, 1921, Spirorchidae Stunkard, 1921, and Spirorchiidae MacCallum, 1921. Genera *'' Amphiorchis'' Price, 1934 *'' Baracktrema'' Roberts, Platt & Bullard in Roberts, Platt, Orélis-Ribeiro & Bullard, 2016 *'' Cardiotrema'' Dwivedi, 1967 *'' Carettacola'' Manter & Larson, 1950 *'' Cheloneotrema'' Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980 *'' Coeuritrema'' Mehra, 1933 *'' Enterohaematotrema'' Mehra, 1940 *'' Hapalorhynchus'' Stunkard, 1922 *'' Hapalotrema'' Looss, 1899 *'' Learedius'' Price, 1934 *'' Monticellius'' Mehra, 1939 *'' Neocaballerotrema'' Simha, 1977 *'' Neospirorchis'' Price, 1934 *'' Plasmiorchis'' Mehra, 1934 *'' Platt'' Roberts & Bullard in Roberts, Arias, Halanych, Dang & Bullard, 2018 *'' Satyanarayanotrema'' Simha & Chattopadhyaya, 1980 *'' Shobanatrema'' Simha & ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sanguinicolidae
Aporocotylidae is a family of trematodes within the order Diplostomida, which contains species commonly known as fish blood flukes. It contains more than 40 genera, the largest being '' Cardicola''. Species in this family parasite fish in both fresh and marine water. Genera * Acipensericola Bullard, Snyder, Jensen & Overstreet, 2008 * Adelomyllos Nolan & Cribb, 2004 * Ankistromeces Nolan & Cribb, 2004 * Aporocotyle Odhner, 1900 * Cardallagium Yong, Cutmore, Jones, Gauthier & Cribb, 2017 * Cardicola Short, 1953 * Chaulioleptos Nolan & Cribb, 2005 * Chimaerohemecus van der Land, 1967 * Cladocaecum Orelis-Ribeiro & Bullard, 2016 * Cruoricola Herbert, Shaharom-Harrison & Overstreet, 1994 * Deontacylix Linton, 1910 * Elaphrobates Bullard & Overstreet, 2003 * Elopicola Bullard, 2014 * Holocentricola ''Holocentricola'' is a genus of digeneans in the family Aporocotylidae or blood flukes, described in 2021. The name of the genus refers to the host fish, which are memb ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gondwana
Gondwana () was a large landmass, often referred to as a supercontinent, that formed during the late Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic period (about 180 million years ago). The final stages of break-up, involving the separation of Antarctica from South America (forming the Drake Passage) and Australia, occurred during the Paleogene. Gondwana was not considered a supercontinent by the earliest definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia were separated from it. To differentiate it from the Indian region of the same name (see ), it is also commonly called Gondwanaland. Gondwana was formed by the accretion of several cratons. Eventually, Gondwana became the largest piece of continental crust of the Palaeozoic Era, covering an area of about , about one-fifth of the Earth's surface. During the Carboniferous Period, it merged with Laurasia to form a larger supercontinent called Pangaea. Gondwana (and Pan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griphobilharzia
''Griphobilharzia amoena'' is a significant trematode that infect crocodiles such as the Australian freshwater crocodile, ''Crocodylus johnstoni'', located in Darwin, Australia with reported illness in Irian Jaya as well. Platt TR, Blair D, et al. 1991. ''Griphobilharzia amoena'' n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), a parasite of the freshwater crocodile ''Crocodylus johnstoni'' (Reptilia: Crocodylia) from Australia, with the erection of a new subfamily, Griphobilharziinae. ''Journal of Parasitology'' 77:65–68. They possess a distinctive tegument that is composed of two lipid bilayers instead of a single bilayer. The double bilayer may be an adaptation to survive the host's immune response. Description The life cycle remains unknown but cercariae probably develop in mollusks, most likely gastropods. Its intermediate host could be freshwater snails from family Planorbidae.Brant S.V., Loker E.S. 2005''Can Specialized Pathogens Colonize Distantly Related Hosts? Schisto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crocodylus Johnstoni
The freshwater crocodile (''Crocodylus johnstoni''), also known as the Australian freshwater crocodile, Johnstone's crocodile or the freshie, is a species of crocodile endemic to the northern regions of Australia. Unlike their much larger Australian relative, the saltwater crocodile, freshwater crocodiles are not known as man-eaters, although they bite in self-defence, and brief, nonfatal attacks have occurred, apparently the result of mistaken identity. Taxonomy and etymology When Gerard Krefft named the species in 1873, he intended to commemorate the man who first reported it to him, Australian native police officer and amateur naturalist Robert Arthur Johnstone (1843–1905). However, Krefft made an error in writing the name, and for many years, the species has been known as ''C. johnsoni''. Recent studies of Krefft's papers have determined the correct spelling of the name, and much of the literature has been updated to the correct usage, but both versions still exist. Ac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Griphobilharzia Amoena
''Griphobilharzia amoena'' is a significant trematode that infect crocodiles such as the Australian freshwater crocodile, ''Crocodylus johnstoni'', located in Darwin, Australia with reported illness in Irian Jaya as well. Platt TR, Blair D, et al. 1991. ''Griphobilharzia amoena'' n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Schistosomatidae), a parasite of the freshwater crocodile ''Crocodylus johnstoni'' (Reptilia: Crocodylia) from Australia, with the erection of a new subfamily, Griphobilharziinae. ''Journal of Parasitology'' 77:65–68. They possess a distinctive tegument that is composed of two lipid bilayers instead of a single bilayer. The double bilayer may be an adaptation to survive the host's immune response. Description The life cycle remains unknown but cercariae probably develop in mollusks, most likely gastropods. Its intermediate host could be freshwater snails from family Planorbidae.Brant S.V., Loker E.S. 2005''Can Specialized Pathogens Colonize Distantly Related Hosts? Schisto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area.Sayre, April Pulley (1999), ''Africa'', Twenty-First Century Books. . With billion people as of , it accounts for about of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita and second-least wealthy by total wealth, behind Oceania. Scholars have attributed this to different factors including geography, climate, tribalism, colonialism, the Cold War, neocolonialism, lack of democracy, and corruption. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Afr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka.", "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area of , about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8.7% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Its 4.7 billion people constitute roughly 60% of the world's population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity. The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East–West cultural, linguistic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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