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Astarymus
Astarymus (also called Aserymus; possibly Phoenician: đ¤đ¤đ¤đ¤đ¤đ¤ ''âĹĄtrrm'', "Ashtar is great") was a king of Tyre and the third of four brothers who held the kingship. The only information available about him comes from Josephusâs citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. The entire passage about the four brothers is as follows, as given in Whistonâs translation: Now four sons of (Abdastartusâs) nurse plotted against him and slew him, the eldest of whom reigned twelve years; after them came Astartus the son of Deleastartus: he lived fifty-four years, and reigned twelve years; after him came his brother Aserymus; he lived fifty-four years, and reigned nine years: he was slain by his brother Pheles, who took the kingdom and reigned but eight months, though he lived fifty years: he was slain by Ithobalus, the priest of Astarte. The dates given for Astarymus (Aserymus) are according to the work of F. M. CrossF. M. Cros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deleastartus
Deleastartus (Dalay-âAshtart) was a king of Tyre and the second of four brothers who held the kingship. The information about him has been inferred from Frank M. Crossâs reconstruction of Josephusâs citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. In the text as it now stands for the passage in Josephus/Menander, Astartus is the name and Deleastartus the patronymic of the second of the four brothers to receive the kingship, while the first brother, the one who killed Abdastartus to start the dynasty, is unnamed. Cross restores Astartus as the name of the first brother and posits the supposed patronymic as the name of the second. For a further explanation, see the Astarymus article. Crossâs reconstruction for these kings has been followed by William BarnesWilliam H. Barnes, ''Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel'' (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991) 29-55. and is used in the present article. See also *List of Kings of T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phelles
Phelles was a King of Tyre and the last of four brothers who held the kingship. The only information available about Phelles comes from Josephusâs citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. Here it is said that Phelles slew his brother Aserymus (Astarymus) and then âtook the kingdom, and reigned but eight months, though he lived fifty years: he was slain by Ithobalus (Ithobaal I), the priest of Astarte.â He and the three preceding kings were brothers, sons of the nurse of Abdastartus, according to Menander. The dates given here are according to the work of F. M. Cross and other scholarsWilliam H. Barnes, ''Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel'' (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991) 29-55. who take 825 BC as the date of Didoâs flight from her brother Pygmalion, after which she founded the city of Carthage in 814 BC. See the chronological justification for these dates in the Pygmalion of Tyre article. See also * Li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astartus
Astartus was a king of Tyre and the first of four brothers who held the kingship. The information about him has been inferred from Frank M. Crossâs reconstruction of Josephusâs citation of the Phoenician author Menander of Ephesus, in ''Against Apion'' i.18. In the text as it now stands for the passage in Josephus/Menander, Astartus is the name and Deleastartus the patronymic of the second of the four brothers to receive the kingship, while the first brother, the one who killed Abdastartus to start the dynasty, is unnamed. Cross restores Astartus as the name of the first brother and posits the supposed patronymic as the name of the second. For a further explanation, see the Astarymus article. Crossâs reconstruction for these kings has been followed by William BarnesWilliam H. Barnes, ''Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel'' (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991) 29-55. and is used in the present article. A further overview of the chronology of Tyrian kings ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kings Of Tyre
The King of Tyre was the ruler of Tyre, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon. The traditional list of 12 kings, with reigns dated to 990â785 BC, is derived from the lost history of Menander of Ephesus as quoted by Josephus in ''Against Apion'' I. 116â127. Josephus asserts that Menander had drawn his list from the chronicles of Tyre itself. Menander-Josephus also contains a list of 9 kings and judges, with reigns dated to 591â532 BC in Against Apion I. 154â160. Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic mythology Late Bronze Age rulers Kings of the Sidonians (with Tyre as capital), 990â785 BC The dates for the reconstruction of Menander's Tyrian king list from Abibaal through Pygmalion are established in three places by three independent sources: a Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of Baal-Eser II/Balazeros II to Shalmaneser III in 841 BC), and a Roman historian ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Kings Of Tyre
The King of Tyre was the ruler of Tyre, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon. The traditional list of 12 kings, with reigns dated to 990â785 BC, is derived from the lost history of Menander of Ephesus as quoted by Josephus in ''Against Apion'' I. 116â127. Josephus asserts that Menander had drawn his list from the chronicles of Tyre itself. Menander-Josephus also contains a list of 9 kings and judges, with reigns dated to 591â532 BC in Against Apion I. 154â160. Ancient Tyrian rulers based on Hellenic mythology Late Bronze Age rulers Kings of the Sidonians (with Tyre as capital), 990â785 BC The dates for the reconstruction of Menander's Tyrian king list from Abibaal through Pygmalion are established in three places by three independent sources: a Biblical synchronism (Hiram's assistance to Solomon in building the Temple, from 967 BC onwards), an Assyrian record (tribute of Baal-Eser II/Balazeros II to Shalmaneser III in 841 BC), and a Roman historian ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
934 BC Births
Year 934 ( CMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Spring and Summer – The Hungarians make an alliance with the Pechenegs, and fight their way through Thrace to Constantinople. * Battle of W.l.n.d.r: The Hungarians and Pechenegs kill Constantinople's inhabitants, inflict severe damage on the countryside, and defeat both the Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria, forcing them to pay tribute. Emperor Romanos I signs a peace treaty with the Hungarians.Timothy Reuter (1999). ''The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume III'', p. 543. . Europe * King Henry I ("the Fowler") pacifies the territories to the north, where the Danish Vikings have been harrying the Frisians by sea. He defeats the Danes petty King Gnupa, and conquers Hedeby. * Summer – Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III invades Navarra and forces Queen Toda to submit to him. Her son the 15-year-old King Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
9th-century BC Rulers
The 9th century was a period from 801 ( DCCCI) through 900 ( CM) in accordance with the Julian calendar. The Carolingian Renaissance and the Viking raids occurred within this period. In the Middle East, the House of Wisdom was founded in Abbasid Baghdad, attracting many scholars to the city. The field of algebra was founded by the Muslim polymath al-Khwarizmi. The most famous Islamic Scholar Ahmad ibn Hanbal was tortured and imprisoned by Abbasid official Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad during the reign of Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim and caliph al-Wathiq. In Southeast Asia, the height of the Mataram Kingdom happened in this century, while Burma would see the establishment of the major kingdom of Pagan. Tang China started the century with the effective rule under Emperor Xianzong and ended the century with the Huang Chao rebellions. While the Maya experienced widespread political collapse in the central Maya region, resulting in internecine warfare, the abandonment of cities, and a northward ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carthage
Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classical world. The city developed from a Canaanite Phoenician colony into the capital of a Punic empire which dominated large parts of the Southwest Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. The legendary Queen Alyssa or Dido, originally from Tyre, is regarded as the founder of the city, though her historicity has been questioned. According to accounts by Timaeus of Tauromenium, she purchased from a local tribe the amount of land that could be covered by an oxhide. As Carthage prospered at home, the polity sent colonists abroad as well as magistrates to rule the colonies. The ancient city was destroyed in the nearly-three year siege of Carthage by the Roman Republic during the Third Punic War in 146 BC and then re-developed as Roman Car ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dido (Queen Of Carthage)
Dido ( ; , ), also known as Elissa ( , ), was the legendary founder and first queen of the Phoenician city-state of Carthage (located in modern Tunisia), in 814 BC. In most accounts, she was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre (today in Lebanon) who fled tyranny to found her own city in northwest Africa. Known only through ancient Greek and Roman sources, all of which were written well after Carthage's founding, her historicity remains uncertain. The oldest references to Dido are attributed to Timaeus, who was active around 300 BC, or about five centuries after the date given for the foundation of Carthage. Details about Dido's character, life, and role in the founding of Carthage are best known from the account given in Virgil's epic poem, the ''Aeneid,'' written around 20 BC, which tells the legendary story of the Trojan hero Aeneas. Dido is described as a clever and enterprising woman who flees her ruthless and autocratic brother, Pygmalion, after discovering ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pygmalion Of Tyre
Pygmalion (Ancient Greek: ; Latin: ), was king of Tyre from 831 to 785 BCE and a son of King Mattan I (840â832 BCE). During Pygmalion's reign, Tyre seems to have shifted the heart of its trading empire from the Middle East to the Mediterranean, as can be judged from the building of new colonies including Kition on Cyprus, Sardinia (see Nora Stone discussion below), and, according to tradition, Carthage. For the story surrounding the founding of Carthage, see Dido. Name The Latin spelling represents the Greek . The Greek form of the name has been identified as representing the Phoenician ''Pumayyaton'' (or ). This name is recorded epigraphically, as , , a theophoric name interpreted as meaning "Pummay has given". This historical ''Pumayyaton'' however, was a Cypriot "king of Kition, Idalion and Tamassos", not of Tyre, and lived several centuries after Pygmalion of Tyre's supposed lifetime. The Nora Stone, discovered in 1773, has also been read as containing the nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frank Moore Cross
Frank Moore Cross Jr. (1921â2012) was the Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages Emeritus at Harvard University, notable for his work in the interpretation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, his 1973 ''magnum opus'' ''Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic'', and his work in Northwest Semitic epigraphy. Many of his essays on the latter topic have since been collected in ''Leaves from an Epigrapher's Notebook''. Early life and education Cross was born on July 13, 1921, in Ross, California. He was the son of Frank Moore Cross, a long-time pastor of Ensley Highland Presbyterian Church in Birmingham, Alabama. One of his uncles, Laurance L. Cross, was mayor of Berkeley, California, from 1947 to 1955. Cross graduated from Ensley High School in 1938.Garrison, Greg (March 20, 2010). "Old Ensley Highland Presbyterian organ reclaimed from empty church". ''The Birmingham News'' He received a BA from Maryville College in 1942 and a BD from McCormick Theological Seminary, where he was aw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menander Of Ephesus
Menander of Ephesus ( grc-gre, ÎÎνινδĎÎżĎ; fl. c. early 2nd century BC) was the historian whose lost work on the history of Tyre was used by Josephus, who quotes Menander's list of kings of Tyre in his apologia for the Jews, ''Against Apion'' (1.18). "This Menander wrote the Acts that were done both by the Greeks and Barbarians, under every one of the Tyrian kings, and had taken much pains to learn their history out of their own records." All records having been lost, this second-hand report is the basis for the traditional king-list. Menander, living in a city with a considerable population of Hellenized Jews, also seems to have written on the history of the Jews, often cited by Josephus. Sources The only extant sources for the writing of Menander are citations of his work found in Josephus's two works ''Antiquities of the Jews'' and ''Against Apion'', or in extracts from Josephus's works found in later writers. These later writers were Theophilus of Antioch, Eusebius of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
