|
Arimaddana
Arimardanna Pura ( my, အရိမဒ္ဒနာပူရ, ; ''Arimardanapur,'' ) is the most famous classical name of the city of Bagan (Pagan), Myanmar. It means the "City that Tramples on Enemies."Lieberman 2003: 91 The Burmese chronicles do not agree on the foundation facts. The 16th century chronicle ''Yazawin Kyaw'' states that it was founded in 156 CE by King Pyusawhti.Yazawin Kyaw 2010: 139 The oldest chronicle ''Zatadawbon Yazawin'' says it was founded in 190 CE (Sunday, 15th waxing of Tagu 112 of Early Pyu calendar) by King Pyusawhti.Zata 1960: 53 However, later standard chronicles of Toungoo and Konbaung dynasties, ''Maha Yazawin'' and ''Hmannan Yazawin'' respectively, state that the city was founded in 107 CE by King Thamoddarit, a scion of Sri Ksetra Kingdom.(Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 132–133) and (Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 187–188) The chronicles continue that King Thinli Kyaung I (r. 344–387) moved the palace to nearby Thiri Pyissaya.Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bagan
Bagan (, ; formerly Pagan) is an ancient city and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Mandalay Region of Myanmar. From the 9th to 13th centuries, the city was the capital of the Bagan Kingdom, the first kingdom that unified the regions that would later constitute Myanmar. During the kingdom's height between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000 Buddhist temples, pagodas and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains alone, of which the remains of over 2200 temples and pagodas survive. The Bagan Archaeological Zone is a main attraction for the country's nascent tourism industry. Etymology Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word ''Pugan'' ( my-Mymr, ပုဂံ), derived from Old Burmese ''Pukam'' ( my-Mymr, ပုကမ်). Its classical Pali name is ''Arimaddanapura'' ( my-Mymr, အရိမဒ္ဒနာပူရ, lit. "the City that Tramples on Enemies"). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone cl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiri Pyissaya
Thiri Pyissaya ( my, သီရိပစ္စယာ, ; also spelled Siripaccaya, Sanskrit: श्रीप्रत्यय ''Śripratyaya'' ) is a classical name of the city of Bagan, Myanmar. According to the ''Hmannan Yazawin'' chronicle, King Thinli Kyaung I (r. 344–387) moved the palace to Thiri Pyissaya, not far from the original site at Arimaddana (modern Nyaung U). It ceased being the site of the palace when King Thaik Taing (r. 516–523) moved the palace to Tampawaddy, near Thiri Pyissaya.Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 139–141 The chronicle ''Zatadawbon Yazawin'' disagrees with ''Hmannan'', stating that the city was founded on Thursday, 1st waxing of Pyatho 312 Saka Era (''Saturday,'' 22 December 390 CE).Zata 1960: 53 However, archaeological evidence so far indicates that the earliest human settlement in the Pagan region dates only from the mid-7th century CE.Aung-Thwin 2005: 185 Therefore the date may likely be the Burmese calendar. Indeed, 1st waxing of Pyatho 312 M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burma
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explains, the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English, in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel: mjænmɑː, ˈbɜːmə So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as ɑːror of Burma as ɜːrməby some speakers in the UK and most speakers in North America is in fact a spelling pronunciation based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions. The final ''r'' in ''Myanmar'' was not intended for pronunciation and is there to ensure that the final a is pronounced with the broad ''ah'' () in "father". If the Burmese name my, မြန်မာ, label=none were spelled "Myanma" in English, this would be pronounced at the end by all ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maha Yazawin
The ''Maha Yazawin'', fully the ''Maha Yazawindawgyi'' ( my, မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး, ) and formerly romanized as the ,. is the first national chronicle of Burma/Myanmar. Completed in 1724 by U Kala, a historian at the Toungoo court, it was the first chronicle to synthesize all the ancient, regional, foreign and biographic histories related to Burmese history. Prior to the chronicle, the only known Burmese histories were biographies and comparatively brief local chronicles. The chronicle has formed the basis for all subsequent histories of the country, including the earliest English language histories of Burma written in the late 19th century.Myint-U 2001: 80Lieberman 1986: 236 The chronicle starts with the beginning of the current world cycle according to Buddhist tradition and the Buddhist version of ancient Indian history, and proceeds "with ever increasing detail to narrate the political story of the Irrawaddy basin from quasi-legendary dynasti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burma Research Society
The Burma Research Society ( my, မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ သုတေသန အသင်း ) was an academic society devoted to historical research of Burma (Myanmar). Its aims were "the investigation and encouragement of Art, Science and Literature in relation to Burma and the neighbouring countries". The society was founded on 29 March 1910 at a meeting held at the Bernard Free Library in Yangon by J S Furnivall, J A Stewart, Gordon H Luce, Pe Maung Tin and Charles Duroiselle. It published original research which appeared in the ''Journal of the Burma Research Society''. ''The Journal of the Burma Research Society'' (1911–1977) consists of 59 volumes, being 136 journals comprising more than 1,300 articles. Since 1962, publication has been subject to government regulation. The society also published its ''Fiftieth Anniversary Publications'' (Rangoon: Burma Research Society, 1960–61. 2 vols). The first volume consisted of papers read at the society's fiftieth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burmese Calendar
The Burmese calendar ( my, မြန်မာသက္ကရာဇ်, , or , ; Burmese Era (BE) or Myanmar Era (ME)) is a lunisolar calendar in which the months are based on lunar months and years are based on sidereal years. The calendar is largely based on an older version of the Hindu calendar, though unlike the Indian systems, it employs a version of the Metonic cycle. The calendar therefore has to reconcile the sidereal years of the Hindu calendar with the Metonic cycle's near tropical years by adding intercalary months and days at ''irregular'' intervals. The calendar has been used continuously in various Burmese states since its purported launch in 640 CE in the Sri Ksetra Kingdom, also called the ''Pyu era''. It was also used as the official calendar in other mainland Southeast Asian kingdoms of Arakan, Lan Na, Xishuangbanna, Lan Xang, Siam, and Cambodia down to the late 19th century. Today, the calendar is used in Myanmar as one of the two official calendars alo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sri Ksetra Kingdom
, conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Sri Ksetra , common_name = Kingdom of Sri Ksetra , era = Classical Antiquity , status = City-state , event_start = Founding of Kingdom , year_start = c. 3rd to 9th century CE , date_start = , event_end = Fall of Kingdom , year_end = 1050s , date_end = , event1 = Launch of Burmese calendar , date_event1 = 21 March 640 , event2 = Duttabaung ascends to throne , date_event2 = 25 March 739 , event3 = , date_event3 = , event4 = , date_event4 = , p1 = , flag_p1 = , p2 = , flag_p2 = , s1 = Pagan Kingdom , flag_s1 = , s2 = , flag_s2 = , image_flag = , flag = , flag_type = , image_coat = , image_map = Pyu Realm.png , symbol = , symbol_type = , image_map_caption = , capital = Sri Ksetra , common_languages = Pyu , religion = Buddhism, Animism, Vaishnavism , government_type = Monarchy , leader1 = , year_leader1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thamoddarit
Thamoddarit ( my, သမုဒ္ဒရာဇ် ; pi, Samuddarāja; 76 – 152) was the legendary founder of Pagan Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar), who supposedly reigned from 107 to 152 CE. He was proclaimed as the founder of Pagan for the first time by ''Hmannan Yazawin'', the Royal Chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty in 1832. The introduction of Thamoddarit, whose lineage ''Hmannan'' traces to the Sakya clan of the Buddha as the founder of Pagan, was part of the early Konbaung kings' efforts to move away from then prevailing pre-Buddhist origin narrative of the monarchy. Burmese chronicles down to the 18th century had traced to another legendary figure Pyusawhti, a descendant of a solar spirit and a dragon princess.Lieberman 2003: 196Than Tun 1964: ix–x Legend Out of Sri Ksetra According to ''Hmannan'', Thamoddarit was a nephew of Thupyinnya, the last king of Sri Ksetra Kingdom. In 94 CE, a civil war broke out between the Pyu and the Kanyan, two of the three main ethnic groups of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hmannan Yazawin
''Hmannan Maha Yazawindawgyi'' ( my, မှန်နန်း မဟာ ရာဇဝင်တော်ကြီး, ; commonly, ''Hmannan Yazawin''; known in English as the '' Glass Palace Chronicle'') is the first official chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar). It was compiled by the Royal Historical Commission between 1829 and 1832.Hla Pe 1985: 39–40 The compilation was based on several existing chronicles and local histories, and the inscriptions collected on the orders of King Bodawpaya, as well as several types of poetry describing epics of kings. Although the compilers disputed some of the earlier accounts, they by and large retained the accounts given ''Maha Yazawin'', the standard chronicle of Toungoo Dynasty. The chronicle, which covers events right up to 1821, right before the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826), was not written purely from a secular history perspective but rather to provide "legitimation according to religious criteria" of the monarchy. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyusawhti
Pyusawhti ( my, ပျူစောထီး , ; also Pyuminhti, ) was a legendary king of Pagan Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar), who according to the Burmese chronicles supposedly reigned from 167 to 242 CE. The chronicles down to the 18th century had reported that Pyusawhti, a descendant of a solar spirit and a dragon princess, was the founder of Pagan—hence, Burmese monarchy. However ''Hmannan Yazawin'', the Royal Chronicle of Konbaung Dynasty proclaimed in 1832 that he was actually a scion of Tagaung Kingdom and traced his lineage all the way to Maha Sammata, the first king of the world in Buddhist mythology.Lieberman 2003: 196 Scholarship conjectures that Pyusawhti the historical figure likely existed in the mid-to-late 8th century, who perhaps came over from the Nanzhao Kingdom as part of the Nanzhao raids of the Irrawaddy valley during the period. Legend The pre-''Hmannan'' Burmese chronicles claim that Pyusawhti, a descendant of a solar spirit () and a dragon princess (), fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zatadawbon Yazawin
''Zatadawbon Yazawin'' ( my, ဇာတာတော်ပုံ ရာဇဝင်, ; also spelled ''Zatatawpon''; ) is the earliest extant chronicle of Burma. The chronicle mainly covers the regnal dates of kings as well as horoscopes of select kings from Pagan to Konbaung periods. In terms of regnal years, the chronicle is considered "the most accurate of all Burmese chronicles, particularly with regard to the best-known Pagan and Ava kings, many of whose dates have been corroborated by epigraphy."Aung-Thwin 2005: 121–123 History The chronicle was continuously updated and handed down by court historians from generation to generation.Htin Aung 1970: 41 Given its inscriptionally verified regnal dates of 11th century Pagan kings, the list keeping of regnal dates probably had begun at least since the 11th century, if not earlier. The earliest portions of the chronicle appear to have written sometime in the late 13th century or the early 14th century. The original author is unknow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
