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Aquareovirus B
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genome length ranges from 18.2 to 30.5 kbp. The genome has eleven segments and codes for twelve proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host cell receptors, which mediates endocytosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Electron Micrograph
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and a number of hormones. There are two main types: acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting. The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe. In acute pancreatitis, a fever may occur, and symptoms typically resolve in a few days. In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty stool, and diarrhea may occur. Complications may include infection, bleeding, diabetes mellitus, or problems with other organs. The two most common causes of acute pancreatitis are a gallstone blocking the common bile duct after the pancreatic duct has joined; and heavy alcohol use. Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, and tumors. Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is mos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus F
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genome length ranges from 18.2 to 30.5 kbp. The genome has eleven segments and codes for twelve proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host cell receptors, which mediates endocytosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus E
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genome length ranges from 18.2 to 30.5 kbp. The genome has eleven segments and codes for twelve proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host cell receptors, which mediates endocytosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus D
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genome length ranges from 18.2 to 30.5 kbp. The genome has eleven segments and codes for twelve proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host cell receptors, which mediates endocytosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus B
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genome length ranges from 18.2 to 30.5 kbp. The genome has eleven segments and codes for twelve proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host cell receptors, which mediates endocytosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquareovirus A
''Aquareovirus'' is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family ''Reoviridae'' and subfamily ''Spinareovirinae''. Fish, shellfish, and crustacean species serve as natural hosts. Aquareoviruses in general have low or no pathogenicity for fish. However, some cause hemorrhagic disease, hepatitis and pancreatitis. Grass carp hemorrhage virus (causes hemorrhagic disease of grass carp) is the most pathogenic aquareovirus. There are seven species in this genus. Structure Aquareoviruses are non-enveloped, with a double capsid structure that has icosahedral geometries, and T=13, T=2 symmetry. The diameter is around 75 nm. Genome Aquareoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes which are linear and segmented. The total genome length ranges from 18.2 to 30.5 kbp. The genome has eleven segments and codes for twelve proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host cell receptors, which mediates endocytosis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Base Pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson–Crick" (or "Watson–Crick–Franklin") base pairs (guanine–cytosine and adenine–thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The Complementarity (molecular biology), complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Icosahedral Symmetry
In mathematics, and especially in geometry, an object has icosahedral symmetry if it has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. Examples of other polyhedra with icosahedral symmetry include the regular dodecahedron (the dual of the icosahedron) and the rhombic triacontahedron. Every polyhedron with icosahedral symmetry has 60 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries and 60 orientation-reversing symmetries (that combine a rotation and a reflection), for a total symmetry order of 120. The full symmetry group is the Coxeter group of type . It may be represented by Coxeter notation and Coxeter diagram . The set of rotational symmetries forms a subgroup that is isomorphic to the alternating group on 5 letters. Description Icosahedral symmetry is a mathematical property of objects indicating that an object has the same symmetries as a regular icosahedron. As point group Apart from the two infinite series of prismatic and antiprismatic symmetry, rotati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue. Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Hepatitis is ''acute'' if it resolves within six months, and '' chronic'' if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure. Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer. Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus ''hepatovirus A'', '' B'', '' C'', '' D'', and '' E''. Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and yellow fever virus. Other common causes of hepatitis include heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryo-EM
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a cryomicroscopy technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. For biological specimens, the structure is preserved by embedding in an environment of vitreous ice. An aqueous sample solution is applied to a grid-mesh and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane or a mixture of liquid ethane and propane. While development of the technique began in the 1970s, recent advances in detector technology and software algorithms have allowed for the determination of biomolecular structures at near-atomic resolution. This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." ''Nature M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
