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Aphyllophorales
The Aphyllophorales is an obsolete order of fungi in the Basidiomycota. The order is entirely artificial, bringing together a miscellany of species now grouped among the clavarioid fungi, corticioid fungi, cyphelloid fungi, hydnoid fungi, and poroid fungi.Kirk PM ''et al.'' (2008). ''Dictionary of the Fungi'' (10th Ed.). Wallingford: CABI. History The order Aphyllophorales was first proposed in 1922 by Carleton Rea.Rea C. (1922). ''British Basidiomycetaceae. A handbook of the larger British fungi''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ''A-phyllo-phora'' means 'not bearing gills', distinguishing the Aphyllophorales from the gilled agarics (mushrooms and toadstools) that Rea placed in the Agaricales. The Gasteromycetales and Heterobasidiomycetes were also excluded. As originally conceived, the Aphyllophorales contained the families Clavariaceae, Cyphellaceae, Fistulinaceae, Hydnaceae, Meruliaceae, Polyporaceae, Polystictaceae, and Thelephoraceae. Most of these families ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyporaceae
The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft (as in the case of the dryad's saddle illustrated) to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium (fertile layer) in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills (e.g. ''Panus'') or gill-like structures (such as ''Daedaleopsis'', whose elongated pores form a corky labyrinth). Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, '' Polyporus badius''. Most of these fungi have white spore powder but members of the genus '' Abundisporus'' have colored spores and produce yellowish spore prints. Cystidia are absent. Taxonomy In his 1838 work ''Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum'', Elias Magnus Fries introduced the "Polyporei". August Corda published the name validly the following year, retaining Fries's concept. American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clavariaceae
The Clavariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally the family contained most of the clavarioid fungi (club and coral fungi), but in its current sense is more restricted, albeit with a greater diversity of basidiocarp (fruit body) forms. Basidiocarps are variously clavarioid or agaricoid (mushroom-shaped), less commonly corticioid (effused, crust-like) or hydnoid (with pendant spines). Taxonomy History Clavariaceae was originally circumscribed (as "Clavariae") by French botanist and mycologist François Fulgis Chevallier in 1826. It was one of five families (along with the Agaricaceae, Hydnaceae, Polyporaceae, and Thelephoraceae) that Elias Fries used to divide the Agaricales and Aphyllophorales in his influential work '' Systema Mycologicum''. The family served as a convenient placement for all genera containing species with superficially similar club or coral-like fruitbodies. It was first M.A. Donk and later E.J.H. Corner who realized that, in this br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corticioid Fungi
The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or patch fungi. Originally such fungi were referred to the genus '' Corticium'' ("corticioid" means ''Corticium''-like) and subsequently to the family ''Corticiaceae'', but it is now known that all corticioid species are not necessarily closely related. The fact that they look similar is an example of convergent evolution. Since they are often studied as a group, it is convenient to retain the informal (non-taxonomic) name of "corticioid fungi" and this term is frequently used in research papersLarsson K-H, Larsson E, Koljalg U. (2004). High phylogenetic diversity among corticioid homobasidiomycetes. ''Mycological Research'' 108: 983–1002. and other texts. History The genus ''Corticium'' was established by Persoon in 1794 for fungi having smo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polypores
Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions). They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular fruiting bodies that are called conks. Most polypores inhabit tree trunks or branches consuming the wood, but some soil-inhabiting species form mycorrhiza with trees. Polypores and the related corticioid fungi are the most important agents of wood decay, playing a very significant role in nutrient cycling and aiding carbon dioxide absorption by forest ecosystems. Over one thousand polypore species have been described to science, but a large part of the diversity is still unknown even in relatively well-studied temperate areas. Polypores are much more dive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnaceae
The Hydnaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Originally the family encompassed all species of fungi that produced basidiocarps (fruit bodies) having a hymenium (spore-bearing surface) consisting of slender, downward-hanging tapering extensions referred to as "spines" or "teeth", whether they were related or not. This artificial but often useful grouping is now more generally called the hydnoid or tooth fungi. In the strict, modern sense, the Hydnaceae are limited to the genus ''Hydnum'' and related genera, with basidiocarps having a toothed or poroid hymenium. Species in the family are ectomycorrhizal, forming a mutually beneficial relationship with the roots of trees and other plants. ''Hydnum repandum'' (the hedgehog fungus) is an edible species, commercially collected in some countries and often marketed under the French name ''pied de mouton''. Taxonomy History The family was originally described in 1826 by French botanist François Fulgis Chevallier t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order (biology)
Order ( la, wikt:ordo#Latin, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between Family_(biology), family and Class_(biology), class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DNA Sequence
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The advent of rapid DNA sequencing methods has greatly accelerated biological and medical research and discovery. Knowledge of DNA sequences has become indispensable for basic biological research, DNA Genographic Projects and in numerous applied fields such as medical diagnosis, biotechnology, forensic biology, virology and biological systematics. Comparing healthy and mutated DNA sequences can diagnose different diseases including various cancers, characterize antibody repertoire, and can be used to guide patient treatment. Having a quick way to sequence DNA allows for faster and more individualized medical care to be administered, and for more organisms to be identified and cataloged. The rapid speed of sequencing attained with modern D ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladistic
Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived characteristics ( synapomorphies'')'' that are not present in more distant groups and ancestors. However, from an empirical perspective, common ancestors are inferences based on a cladistic hypothesis of relationships of taxa whose character states can be observed. Theoretically, a last common ancestor and all its descendants constitute a (minimal) clade. Importantly, all descendants stay in their overarching ancestral clade. For example, if the terms ''worms'' or ''fishes'' were used within a ''strict'' cladistic framework, these terms would include humans. Many of these terms are normally used paraphyletically, outside of cladistics, e.g. as a 'grade', which are fruitless to precisely delineate, especially when including extinct species. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thelephoraceae
The Thelephoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Thelephorales. This grouping of mushrooms is commonly known as the "leathery earthfans". Genera The family includes the following eight genera: * '' Amaurodon'' * '' Hypochnus'' * '' Lenzitopsis'' * '' Polyozellus'' * '' Pseudotomentella'' * '' Skepperia'' * ''Thelephora'' * ''Tomentella ''Tomentella'' is a genus of corticioid fungi in the family Thelephoraceae. The genus is ectomycorrhizal, and widespread, with about 80 species according to a 2008 estimate, although many new species have since been described. ''Tomentella'' was ...'' References External links * * Thelephorales Basidiomycota families Taxa named by François Fulgis Chevallier Taxa described in 1826 {{Agaricomycetes-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meruliaceae
The Meruliaceae are a family of fungi in the order Polyporales. According to a 2008 estimate, the family contains 47 genera and 420 species. , Index Fungorum accepts 645 species in the family. Taxonomy The family was formally circumscribed by English mycologist Carleton Rea in 1922, with ''Merulius'' as the type genus. He also included the genera ''Phlebia'', '' Coniophora'' (now placed in the Coniophoraceae), and ''Coniophorella'' (now considered a synonym of ''Coniophora''). His description of the Meruliaceae was as follows: "Hymenium spread over veins, anastomosing pores, or quite smooth; ''edge of veins or pores fertile.''" Several genera formerly classified in the Meruliaceae were moved to the family Steccherinaceae based on molecular evidence. Description Meruliaceae species are crust-like or polyporoid, and often have a waxy appearance when dry. Their hyphal systems are monomitic (containing only tightly arranged generative hyphae), and these hyphae have clamp connec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fistulinaceae
The Fistulinaceae are a family of fungi, the best-known member of which is the beefsteak fungus ''Fistulina hepatica''. Molecular studies have now shown it to lie within the Agaricales. See also *List of Agaricales families The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes (division Basidiomycota). It is the largest group of mushroom-forming fungi, and includes more than 400 genera and over 13,000 species. Molecular phylogenetics analyses of ribosomal ... References External links * Agaricales families Taxa named by Johannes Paulus Lotsy Taxa described in 1907 {{Agaricales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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