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Antestiopsis Thunbergii
''Antestiopsis'' is a genus of shield bug, commonly known as antestia and the variegated coffee bug. Several species in eastern Africa are pests of coffee plants, giving the coffee beans a distinctive 'potato taste', which is thought to be caused indirectly by bacteria entering through wounds created by the insects, leading to an increase in the concentration of isopropyl methoxy pyrazine. They feed on flowers, berries and growing tips, injecting a toxic saliva that often contains the spores of the ''Ashbya'' fungus, and then suck juices out. Species Species include: *''Antestiopsis intricata'' (Ghesquiere and Carayon) *''Antestiopsis thunbergii'' (Gmelin) Control Throughout history, ''Antestiopsis'' was controlled in Kenya using pyrethrum powder. The organophosphate fenthion has been used to control the pest in Burundi. Laboratory experiments have found the essential oils of '' Thymus vulgaris'', '' Ruta chalepensis'' and ''Chenopodium ambrosioides ''Dysphania a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antestiopsis Thunbergii
''Antestiopsis'' is a genus of shield bug, commonly known as antestia and the variegated coffee bug. Several species in eastern Africa are pests of coffee plants, giving the coffee beans a distinctive 'potato taste', which is thought to be caused indirectly by bacteria entering through wounds created by the insects, leading to an increase in the concentration of isopropyl methoxy pyrazine. They feed on flowers, berries and growing tips, injecting a toxic saliva that often contains the spores of the ''Ashbya'' fungus, and then suck juices out. Species Species include: *''Antestiopsis intricata'' (Ghesquiere and Carayon) *''Antestiopsis thunbergii'' (Gmelin) Control Throughout history, ''Antestiopsis'' was controlled in Kenya using pyrethrum powder. The organophosphate fenthion has been used to control the pest in Burundi. Laboratory experiments have found the essential oils of '' Thymus vulgaris'', '' Ruta chalepensis'' and ''Chenopodium ambrosioides ''Dysphania a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coffee
Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulant, stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content. It is the most popular hot drink in the world. Seeds of the ''Coffea'' plant's fruits are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans. The beans are Coffee roasting, roasted and then ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often used to mask the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a History of coffee, long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. The earliest credible evidence of coffee d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chenopodium Ambrosioides
''Dysphania ambrosioides'', formerly ''Chenopodium ambrosioides'', known as Jesuit's tea, Mexican-tea, ''payqu'' ''(paico)'', ''epazote'', ''mastruz'', or ''herba sanctæ Mariæ'', is an annual or short-lived perennial herb native to Central America, South America, and southern Mexico. Growth ''Dysphania ambrosioides'' is an annual or short-lived perennial plant (herb), growing to tall, irregularly branched, with oblong-lanceolate leaves up to long. The flowers are small and green, produced in a branched panicle at the apex of the stem. As well as in its native areas, it is grown in warm temperate to subtropical areas of Europe and the United States (Missouri, New England, Eastern United States), sometimes becoming an invasive weed. Taxonomy The species was described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as ''Chenopodium ambrosioides''. Some researchers treated it as a highly polymorphic species with several subspecies. Today these are considered as their own species of genus ''Dyspha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ruta Chalepensis
file:Ruta chalepensis Dried fruits Tigray Region Ethiopia.jpg, Dried fruits. ''Ruta chalepensis'' is a species of flowering plant in the Rutaceae family known by the common name fringed rue. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa. It has been found elsewhere as an introduced species. It is a perennial herb growing up to 80 centimeters tall. The leaves are compound, each divided into several segments which are subdivided into smaller leaflets. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each with four or five bright yellow petals with rolled, fringed edges. The fruit is a textured capsule which is divided into pointed lobes. In herbalism, traditional herbal medicine, the plant is used as for a number of ailments, such as fever and inflammation. ''Ruta chalepensis'' is the original source of the chemical compound chalepensin. References External links *Jepson Manual Treatment [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thymus Vulgaris
''Thymus vulgaris'' (common thyme, German thyme, garden thyme or just thyme) is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy. Growing to tall by wide, it is a bushy, woody-based evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves and clusters of purple or pink flowers in early summer. It is useful in the garden as groundcover, where it can be short-lived, but is easily propagated from cuttings. It is also the main source of thyme as an ingredient in cooking and as an herbal medicine. It is slightly spicier than oregano and sweeter than sage. The Latin specific epithet ''vulgaris'' means “common” in the sense of “widespread”. Cultivars Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed for ornamental purposes. Nomenclature can be very confusing. French, German and English varieties vary by leaf shape and colour and essential oils. The many cultivars include ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Essential Oils
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An essential oil is essential in the sense that it contains the essence of the plant's fragrance—the characteristic fragrance of the plant from which it is derived. The term "essential" used here does ''not'' mean indispensable or usable by the human body, as with the terms essential amino acid or essential fatty acid, which are so called because they are nutritionally required by a living organism. Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation, often by using steam. Other processes include expression, solvent extraction, '' sfumatura'', absolute oil extraction, resin tapping, wax embedding, and cold pressing. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, air ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fenthion
Fenthion is an organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide. Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition. Due to its relatively low toxicity towards humans and mammals, fenthion is listed as moderately toxic compound in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization toxicity class.HSDB. (2003). ''Hazardous Substance Data Bank: Fenthion''. National Library of Medicine: National Toxicology Program. Available at http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB Accessed April 29, 2009.EXTOXNET. (2003). ''Pesticide information Profile for Fenthion''. Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, Michigan State University, Oregon State University, and University of California at Davis. Available at http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/dienochlor-glyphosate/fenthion-ext.html Accessed April 25, 2009. Uses Fenthion is a contact and stomach insecticide used against many biting insects. It is part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organophosphate
In organic chemistry, organophosphates (also known as phosphate esters, or OPEs) are a class of organophosphorus compounds with the general structure , a central phosphate molecule with alkyl or aromatic substituents. They can be considered as esters of phosphoric acid. Like most functional groups, organophosphates occur in a diverse range of forms, with important examples including key biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and ATP, as well as many insecticides, herbicides, nerve agents and flame retardants. OPEs have been widely used in various products as flame retardants, plasticizers, and performance additives to engine oil. The popularity of OPEs as flame retardants came as a substitution for the highly regulated brominated flame retardants. The low cost of production and compatibility to diverse polymers made OPEs to be widely used in industry including textile, furniture, electronics as plasticizers and flame retardants. These compounds are added to the final product physica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrethrum
''Pyrethrum'' was a genus of several Old World plants now classified as ''Chrysanthemum'' or ''Tanacetum'' which are cultivated as ornamentals for their showy flower heads. Pyrethrum continues to be used as a common name for plants formerly included in the genus ''Pyrethrum''. Pyrethrum is also the name of a natural insecticide made from the dried flower heads of '' Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium'' and ''Chrysanthemum coccineum''. The insecticidal compounds present in these species are pyrethrins. Description Some members of the genus ''Chrysanthemum'', such as the following two, are placed in the genus ''Tanacetum'' instead by some botanists. Both genera are members of the daisy (or aster) family, Asteraceae. They are all perennial plants with a daisy-like appearance and white petals. * '' Tanacetum cinerariifolium'' is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum, denoting its origin in that region of the Balkans (Dalmatia). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums do. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antestiopsis Intricata
''Antestiopsis'' is a genus of shield bug, commonly known as antestia and the variegated coffee bug. Several species in eastern Africa are pests of coffee plants, giving the coffee beans a distinctive 'potato taste', which is thought to be caused indirectly by bacteria entering through wounds created by the insects, leading to an increase in the concentration of isopropyl methoxy pyrazine. They feed on flowers, berries and growing tips, injecting a toxic saliva that often contains the spores of the ''Ashbya'' fungus, and then suck juices out. Species Species include: *''Antestiopsis intricata'' (Ghesquiere and Carayon) *''Antestiopsis thunbergii'' (Gmelin) Control Throughout history, ''Antestiopsis'' was controlled in Kenya using pyrethrum powder. The organophosphate fenthion has been used to control the pest in Burundi. Laboratory experiments have found the essential oils of '' Thymus vulgaris'', '' Ruta chalepensis'' and ''Chenopodium ambrosioides ''Dysphania a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ashbya
(also known as Ashbya gossypii) is a filamentous fungus or mold closely related to yeast, but growing exclusively in a filamentous way. It was originally isolated from cotton as a pathogen causing stigmatomycosis by Ashby and Nowell in 1926. This disease affects the development of hair cells in cotton bolls and can be transmitted to citrus fruits, which thereupon dry out and collapse (dry rot disease). In the first part of the 20th century, and two other fungi causing stigmatomycosis (, ) made it virtually impossible to grow cotton in certain regions of the subtropics, causing severe economical losses. Control of the spore-transmitting insects cotton stainer() and - permitted full eradication of infections. was recognized as a natural overproducer of riboflavin (vitamin B2), which protects its spores against ultraviolet light. This made it an interesting organism for industries, where genetically modified strains are still used to produce this vitamin. as a model org ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isopropyl Methoxy Pyrazine
Isopropyl methoxypyrazine (IPMP) is a methoxypyrazine, a class of chemical compounds that produce odors. The odor is rather undesirable and is produced by the Asian lady beetle or by the actinomycete ''Streptomyces'' sp. It can be detected by human taste at concentrations of as low as 2 nanograms per litre. Presence in wine grapes The odor of IPMP tends to be undesirable in the case of certain wines. Cabernet Sauvignon has high levels of methoxypyrazines.Oz Clarke ''Encyclopedia of Grapes'' pg 223 Harcourt Books 2001 Two methoxypyrazine compounds, 3-isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine (IBMP) and 3-isopropyl-2-methoxypyrazine, are considered to be important determinants of green flavours in Sauvignon blanc wines. Presence in coffee IPMP is also an important flavour compound in coffee and is responsible for causing an off-taste called "potato taste" in East African coffee. The insects '' Antestiopsis'' are also implicated in causing the taste. See also * Alkylpyrazine Alkylpyrazi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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